PROLOGUE

xvii     enchanted . . . Thomas Jefferson  “Journey Through France and Italy (1787),” Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia, Monticello, accessed July 7, 2025, www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/journey-through-france-and-italy-1787/; “Notes of a Tour into the Southern Parts of France, &c., 3 March–10 June 1787,” Founders Online, National Archives, founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-11-02-0389; and “Minister to France,” Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia, Monticello, accessed July 7, 2025, www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/minister-france/.

xvii     saw something wholly unexpected in Hérault in 1996      Renaud Camus, Le Grand Remplacement (Paris: Reinharc, 2011), trans. Grace Ashton (unpublished translation), 13–16. To find this book at a library near you, visit search.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xvii     French literature at university  Benjamin Braddock, “Irreplaceable: An Interview with Renaud Camus,” IM—1776, March 17, 2022, im1776.com/2022/05/17/renaud-camus-interview.

xvii     protested in Paris Gillian Brockell, “The Father of ‘Great Replacement’: An Ex-Socialist French Writer,” Washington Post, May 17, 2022, www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/05/17/renaud-camus-great-replacement-history.

xvii     trailblazed literary space  James McAuley, “How Gay Icon Renaud Camus Became the Ideologue of White Supremacy,” The Nation, June 17, 2019, www.thenation.com/article/archive/renaud-camus-great-replacement-brenton-tarrant/tnamp; and Bruno Chaouat, “The Gay French Poet Behind the Alt-Right’s Favorite Catch Phrase,” Tablet, August 27, 2019, www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/renaud-camus-great-replacement.

xvii     supported France’s Socialist Party Norimitsu Onishi, “The Man Behind a Toxic Slogan Promoting White Supremacy,” New York Times, September 20, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/world/europe/renaud-camus-great-replacement.html; and Brockell, “The Father of ‘Great Replacement’: An Ex-Socialist French writer,” www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/05/17/renaud-camus-great-replacement-history.

xvii     Académie Française’s Amic Prize  Académie française, “Renaud Camus,” accessed October 6, 2025, www.academie-francaise.fr/renaud-camus, via Google Translate.

xvii     castle in Plieux  Onishi, “The Man Behind a Toxic Slogan Promoting White Supremacy,” www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/world/europe/renaud-camus-great-replacement.html; and Brockell, “The Father of ‘Great Replacement’: An Ex-Socialist French writer,” www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/05/17/renaud-camus-great-replacement-history.

xvii     travel book about Hérault  Thomas Chatterton Williams, “The French Origins of ‘You Will Not Replace Us,’” New Yorker, November 27, 2017,www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/12/04/the-french-origins-of-you-will-not-replace-us.

xvii     Languedoc-Roussillon region  La Région Occitanie, “The Region’s Geographic and Administrative Profile,” accessed July 7, 2025,www.laregion.fr/The-Region-s-Geographic-and-Administrative-Profile.

xvii–xviii     nearly a quarter of its population of retirement age  Philippe Clairet, Repères pour l'économie du Languedoc-Roussillon (Montpellier, France: INSEE Languedoc-Roussillon, September 2000),www.bnsp.insee.fr/ark:/12148/bc6p06z01dx.pdf, 3, via Google Translate. In the 1990s, the retirement age in France was sixty. Brian Love, “French Vote Scraps Symbol as Well as Pensions at 60,” Reuters, October 28, 2010,www.reuters.com/article/world/french-vote-scraps-symbol-as-well-as-pensions-at-60-idUSTRE69Q418.

xviii     nearly doubled since the 1960s Bérénice Costes and Claire Kubrak, “Hérault: A Very Dynamic Department Facing Significant Social Fragility,” Insee Analyses Occitanie, September 26, 2023,www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7669191, via Google Translate.

xviii     one of the fastest-growing areas  “Since that time [the 1960s], the number of inhabitants [of Hérault] has grown at the same rate as in Haute-Garonne, i.e. much faster than in metropolitan France.” Costes and Kubrak, “Hérault: A Very Dynamic Department Facing Significant Social Fragility,”www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7669191#graphique-figure1.

xviii     due primarily to this domestic migration  Costes and Kubrak, “Hérault: A Very Dynamic Department Facing Significant Social Fragility,”www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7669191#graphique-figure1; and “Languedoc Roussillon—Population,” Portraits of the Regions, accessed March 22, 2025,circabc.europa.eu/webdav/CircaBC/ESTAT/regportraits/Information/fr81_pop.htm.

xviii     Spain, Portugal, the United Kingdom. . .  Raúl Lardiés, “Migration and Tourism Entrepreneurship: North-European immigrants in Cataluña and Languedoc,” International Journal of Population Geography 5, no. 6 (December 1999),doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1220(199911/12)5:6<477::AID-IJPG167>3.0.CO;2-U,  479.

xviii     Algeria, Tunisia, and especially Morocco  Suzana Dukic, “Two Centuries of Immigration from Languedoc-Roussillon,” Hommes & migrations, no. 1278 (2009),journals.openedition.org/hommesmigrations/230, via Google Translate.

xviii     segregated . . . in the region’s oldest housing stock  Dukic, “Two Centuries of Immigration from Languedoc-Roussillon,”journals.openedition.org/hommesmigrations/230.

xviii     nearly half . . . from Europe . . . about 40 percent were from Africa  This breakdown of immigrants in Hérault is an estimate based on a pie chart for the population in 1999, featured in Le Gouhinec et al., Atlas des populations immigrées: Languedoc-Roussillon, 17,www.bnsp.insee.fr/ark:/12148/bc6p06z030d/f1.pdf. In the pie chart, it is clear that immigrants from Europe account for nearly half of Hérault’s immigrants, while immigrants from Africa make up about forty percent. If all immigrants, as stated in this source, constituted 8.8% of Hérault’s population, then by these calculations, immigrants from Africa would have been 3.52% of Hérault’s total population. This estimate tracks with confirmed data for Languedoc-Roussillon, the region in which Hérault is located. In 1999, 56.6 percent of immigrants in Languedoc-Roussillon were from Europe, and 37.4 percent were from Africa. Regional data can be found in Le Gouhinec et al., Atlas des populations immigrées: Languedoc-Roussillon, 8,www.bnsp.insee.fr/ark:/12148/bc6p06z030d/f1.pdf.

xviii “the old villages of Hérault . . .”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 15. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xviii     “nearly exclusively at the windows . . .”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 15. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xviii     “impression of having changed worlds . . .” Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 15. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xviii      if “during our lifetime, and even less . . .”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 15–16. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xviii     nearly 6,000 people of Algerian descent  Dukic, “Two Centuries of Immigration from Languedoc-Roussillon,”journals.openedition.org/hommesmigrations/230.

xviii     people around the western Mediterranean Sea  See David Abulafia, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean (New York: Allen Lane, 2011). Find the library book atwww.worldcat.org/oclc/1341896218.

xix    “entirely new to those parts . . .”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 15. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xix     told four congresswomen of color  Katie Rogers and Nicholas Fandos, “Trump Tells Congresswomen to ‘Go Back’ to the Countries They Came From,” New York Times, July 14, 2019,www.nytimes.com/2019/07/14/us/politics/trump-twitter-squad-congress.html.

xix     “go back” to the “corrupt” and . . .  Trump wrote, “So interesting to see ‘Progressive’ Democrat Congresswomen, who originally came from countries whose governments are a complete and total catastrophe, the worst, most corrupt and inept anywhere in the world (if they even have a functioning government at all), now loudly and viciously telling the people of the United States, the greatest and most powerful Nation on earth, how our government is to be run. Why don’t they go back and help fix the totally broken and crime-infested places from which they came. Then come back and show us how it is done. These places need your help badly, you can’t leave fast enough. I’m sure that Nancy Pelosi would be very happy to quickly work out free travel arrangements!” Donald J. Trump, Twitter, July 14, 2019, 8:27 a.m.,x.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1150381396994723841, archived at archive.today, September 9, 2020 capture, archive.ph/5mscZ.

xix     paternal grandfather, Friedrich . . .  “Report: Trump’s Grandfather Pleaded to Stay in Germany,” Deutsche Welle (DW), November 21, 2016,www.dw.com/en/report-trumps-grandfather-pleaded-to-stay-in-germany/a-36465868.

xix     met his wife, Elisabeth. They moved to the United States . . .  “Report: Trump’s Grandfather Pleaded to Stay in Germany,”www.dw.com/en/report-trumps-grandfather-pleaded-to-stay-in-germany/a-36465868.

xix     for good in 1905—Elisabeth pregnant  “Report: Trump’s Grandfather Pleaded to Stay in Germany,”www.dw.com/en/report-trumps-grandfather-pleaded-to-stay-in-germany/a-36465868.

xix     Trump’s mother, Mary Anne  Martin Hannan, “The Mysterious Mary Trump: The Full Untold Story of How a Young Scotswoman Escaped to New York and Raised a US president,” The National (Scotland), July 5, 2017,www.thenational.scot/library/15392447.the-mysterious-mary-trump-the-full-untold-story-of-how-a-young-scotswoman-escaped-to-new-york-and-raised-a-us-president.

xix     “It is very strange . . .”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 13, Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xix–xx     . . . “about fifteen years ago . . .” Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 13. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xx     “less a hypothetical community . . .”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 23. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xx     “many peoples” . . . “many religions, many cultures” . . . “a hellish society”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 58, 60. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xx     “our kings” for putting “all their care . . .”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 58. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xx     “knew by instinct . . .”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 58. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xx     “peoples that remain peoples . . .” “ . . .or replace them” Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 23. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xx     “candidate for president of the Republic”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 18. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xx     “invasion, colonization, the changing of people” Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 61. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xx     studied the Roman ruins  William Howard Adams, The Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 110. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/The-Paris-years-of-Thomas-Jefferson/oclc/36582149.

xx     delighted in seeing the Maison Carrée  “Journey Through France and Italy (1787),”www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/journey-through-france-and-italy-1787/.

xx     establish as Hérault in 1790  Department Hérault, “History of the General Council,” accessed October 6, 2025,herault.fr/14-l-histoire-de-l-herault.htm, via Google Translate.

xx     “the most perfect . . .”  Thomas Jefferson to James Buchanan and William Hay, January 26, 1786, Founders Online,founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-09-02-0194; and Thomas Jefferson quoted in Adams, The Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson, 110. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/The-Paris-years-of-Thomas-Jefferson/oclc/36582149

xx     constructing the University of Virginia Gene Zechmeister, “Construction of the University, 1817-1826,” Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia, Monticello, January 4, 2012,www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/construction-university-1817-1826.

xx     Rotunda, modeled after the Pantheon  “History,” The Rotunda, University of Virginia, accessed May 12, 2025,rotunda.virginia.edu/history; and Joshua Kurlantzick, “36 Hours in Charlottesville, Va.,” New York Times, October 23, 2008,www.nytimes.com/2008/10/26/travel/26hours.html.

xx     hundreds of White men in khakis  Joe Heim, “Recounting a Day of Rage, Hate, Violence and Death,” Washington Post, August 14, 2017,www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2017/local/charlottesville-timeline; and German Lopez, “The most striking photos from the white supremacist Charlottesville protests,” Vox, August 12, 2017,www.vox.com/identities/2017/8/12/16138244/charlottesville-protests-photos.

xx–xxi     remove a statue of Robert E. Lee  “US White Supremacists Ordered to Pay Millions More for Deadly 2017 Rally,” The Guardian, July 2, 2024,www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/02/white-supremacists-unite-the-right-rally-lawsuit.

xxi     “One people, one nation, end immigration!” Alejandro Alvarez, Twitter, August 11, 2017, 10:01 p.m.,x.com/aletweetsnews/status/896189794778218496,  0:14–0:21.

xxi     “White lives matter!” VICE, “Charlottesville: Race and Terror—VICE News Tonight on HBO,” YouTube, August 14, 2017,youtu.be/RIrcB1sAN8I?si=fAfWFV7vQfTj1fhC, 1:18–1:22, 1:36–1:42.

xxi     “Jews will not replace us!”  VICE, “Charlottesville: Race and Terror—VICE News Tonight on HBO,” youtu.be/RIrcB1sAN8I?si=fAfWFV7vQfTj1fhC, 0:24–0:33.

xxi     “You will not replace us!”  VICE, “Charlottesville: Race and Terror—VICE News Tonight on HBO,” youtu.be/RIrcB1sAN8I?si=fAfWFV7vQfTj1fhC,  0:18–22; and “White US Nationalists Chant ‘You Will Not Replace Us,’” BBC News, video, August 12, 2017, www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-40911744.

xxi     “the Great Replacement, ethnic substitution . . .”  Renaud Camus, You Will Not Replace Us! (Plieux, France: Renaud Camus, 2018), 188. Find the library book at /search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxi     not only “an established fact” but “by far . . .”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 188. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxi     “. . . no other way . . . than remigration”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 188. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxi     “. . . single largest Mass Deportation Program in History”  Donald J. Trump, Truth Social, June 15, 2025, 8:43 p.m.,truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/114690267066155731, archived at archive.today, June 17, 2025 capture,archive.ph/UAhRm.

xxi     remigrated millions of European Jews  “[F]rom 1942 onward, deportation meant transit to killing centers for most Jews. Deportations on this scale required the coordination of numerous German government ministries, including the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), the Transport Ministry, and the Foreign Office. The RSHA coordinated and directed the deportations; the Transport Ministry organized train schedules; and the Foreign Office negotiated with German-allied states to hand over their Jews . . . In total, the Nazis and their collaborators and allies murdered six million Jews in the Holocaust.” “The ‘Final Solution,’” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, September 23, 2025,encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-final-solution. See also “Deportations,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, September 24, 2025,encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/deportations; and  ‘Final Solution’: Overview,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, December 8, 2020,encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/final-solution-overview.

xxi     has been a constant . . . for centuries . . .  Max Roser and Hannah Ritchie, "How has world population growth changed over time?" Our World in Data, University of Oxford, Global Change Data Lab, June 2, 2023, ourworldindata.org/population-growth-over-time; and John Bongaarts, "Human population growth and the demographic transition," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 364, no. 1532 (October 2009), pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2781829.  

xxi     “invaders” who take and steal and destroy  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 63–64, 117, 145,  183. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxi.    generally boost economic and cultural activity  Ethan Lewis and Giovanni Peri, “Immigration and the Economy of Cities and Regions,” National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper 20428 (August 2014),www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w20428/w20428.pdf, 69; Stuart Anderson, “Immigrants Raise Wages and Boost Employment of U.S.-Born Workers,” Forbes, May 1, 2024,www.forbes.com/sites/stuartanderson/2024/05/01/immigrants-raise-wages-and-boost-employment-of-us-born-workers/; Ksenia Koloskova et al., “Immigration and Economic Prosperity,” VoxEU, Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), January 12, 2017,cepr.org/voxeu/columns/immigration-and-economic-prosperity; Philipp Engler et al., “Migration to Advanced Economies Can Raise Growth,” IMF Blog, International Monetary Fund (IMF), June 19, 2020,www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2020/06/19/blog-weo-chapter4-migration-to-advanced-economies-can-raise-growth; and “The Contribution of Migration to Regional Development,” Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Regional Development Studies, March 10, 2022,www.oecd.org/en/publications/the-contribution-of-migration-to-regional-development_57046df4-en.html; and “Immigrants in Creative Industries,” American Immigration C0uncil, August 1, 2019,www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/report/immigrants-in-creative-industries.

xxi     about 90 percent . . .  not immigrants  “One in 10 People in France an Immigrant, Says National Statistics Agency,” Le Monde, March 30, 2023,www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2023/03/30/one-in-10-people-in-france-an-immigrant-statistics-agency_6021240_7.html.

xxi     about 91 percent . . . from the European Union  Eurostat, “EU Population Diversity by Citizenship and Country of Birth,” February 2025, accessed May 20, 2025,ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=EU_population_diversity_by_citizenship_and_country_of_birth.

xxi     Camus presents the United States . . .  See   Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 133–134, 176–177. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxi     the world’s largest foreign-born population Stephanie Kramer and Jeffrey S. Passel, “What the Data Says About Immigrants in the U.S.,” Pew Research Center, August 21, 2025,www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/09/27/key-findings-about-us-immigrants.

xxi-xxii     86 percent . . . not immigrants Kramer and Passel, “What Data Says About Immigrants in the U.S,”www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/09/27/key-findings-about-us-immigrants.

xxii  “So long as statistics . . .”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 31. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxii     “it is not the Great Replacement . . .”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 31. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxii     “three protagonists”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 20. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxii     “the  replacers,”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 21. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxii     “the  replacees,”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 21. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxii     “the  replacists,”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 20. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxii     “industrialists” and “High Finance” . . .  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 138, 163–165, 155. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxii     “a cheap workforce” and “check the increases . . .” “by the millions” . . . “consumers”  Emphasis is Camus’s. Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 155. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxii     “have no money . . .”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 155. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxii     “will steal it from”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 155. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxii     “the Word Enemy” . . . “international high finance”  Joseph Goebbels quoted in Jeffrey Herf, The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda During World War II and the Holocaust (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2006), 38. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/ko/title/The-Jewish-enemy-:-Nazi-propaganda-during-World-War-II-and-the-Holocaust/oclc/62128067.

xxii     “the nature of Global Replacism” . . . “include everything . . .”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 110. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxii     “an essential part in Global Replacism”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 169. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxii     George Soros  “Profile: Billionaire Philanthropist George Soros,” BBC, May 30, 2018,www.bbc.com/news/world-44301342.

xxiii     Communist boogeyman . . . after the terror attacks . . .  Sarah Bracke and Luis Manuel Hernández Aguilar, “The Politics of Replacement: From ‘Race Suicide’ to the ‘Great Replacement,’” in The Politics of Replacement: Demographic Fears, Conspiracy Theories, and Race Wars, eds. Sarah Bracke and Luis Manuel Hernández Aguilar (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2024) 10–11. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1399572660.

xxiii     losing their majority status  Examples include Rosa Silverman, “White Britons ‘Will Be Minority’ by 2066, Says Professor,” The Telegraph, May 2, 2013,www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/10032296/White-Britons-will-be-minority-by-2066-says-professor.html; David A. Coleman, “Ethnic Transformation of European Societies by Immigration,” History & Mathematics: Political Demography and Global Ageing, eds. Jack A. Goldstone et al. (Volgograd, Russia: Uchitel Publishing House, 2015),www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/57749/ssoar-2015-goldstone_et_al-History_and_Mathematics_Political_Demography.pdf;jsessionid=FBAB6B29F48AF7248B1E3B16C751BD39?sequence=1, 10–25; “Minorities Expected to be Majority in 2050,” CNN, August 13, 2008,www.cnn.com/2008/US/08/13/census.minorities/index.html; and Josh Sanburn, “U.S. Steps Closer to a Future Where Minorities Are the Majority,” Time, June 25, 2015,time.com/3934092/us-population-diversity-census.

xxiii     nothing short of a grand distraction Toni Morrison once said, “It’s important . . . to know who the real enemy is, and to know the function, the very serious function of racism, which is distraction. It keeps you from doing your work. It keeps you explaining over and over again, your reason for being.” See Portland State, “Black Studies Center public dialogue. Pt.2,” May 30, 1975,on.soundcloud.com/s5N4Fi6BfrK3mZize6, 35:46–36:42.

xxiii     the world’s wealthiest person, as of this writing  Dara Kerr, “Larry Ellison: Oracle Co-Founder Who Overtook Musk as World’s Richest Person,” The Guardian, September 11, 2025,www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/11/who-is-larry-ellison-richest-person-oracle.

xxiii–xxiv     for $44 billion  Kate Conger and Lauren Hirsch, “Elon Musk Completes $44 Billion Deal to Own Twitter,” New York Times, October 27, 2022,www.nytimes.com/2022/10/27/technology/elon-musk-twitter-deal-complete.html.

xxiv     den of great replacement theory  See David Ingram, “Verified Pro-Nazi X Accounts Flourish Under Elon Musk,” NBC News, April 16, 2024,www.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/x-twitter-elon-musk-nazi-extremist-white-nationalist-accounts-rcna145020.

xxiv     spent at least $288 million  Trisha Thadani et al., “Elon Musk Donated $288 Million in 2024 Election, Final Tally Shows,” Washington Post, January 31, 2025,www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/01/31/elon-musk-trump-donor-2024-election/.

xxiv     “taken by illegal aliens”  NBC Chicago, “Donald Trump’s Full Speech at 2024 RNC,” YouTube, July 19, 2024,youtu.be/dLUK_MEJP_M?si=nAYKJgITEQ3w8DIp, 41:09–41:14.

xxiv     endorsed and platformed . . . in . . .  Elon Musk, X, January 9, 2025, 7:09 p.m.,x.com/elonmusk/status/1877508005081788489, archived at archive.today, January 14, 2025 capture,archive.ph/jmwcz; Anthony Faiola and Stefano Pitrelli, “Elon Musk and Giorgia Meloni’s Power Friendship Stirs Controversy in Italy,” Washington Post, January 11, 2025,www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/01/11/elon-musk-giorgia-meloni-italy-spacex/ (Italy); Elon Musk, X, February 22, 2025, 6:04 p.m.,x.com/elonmusk/status/1893436853665308706, archived at archive.today, February 23, 2025 capture, archive.ph/rzUiS (Spain); Elon Musk, X, September 20, 2024, 10:07 p.m.,x.com/elonmusk/status/1837312664197886123, archived at archive.today, September 21, 2024 capture, archive.ph/zH1oH (El Salvador); Elon Musk, X, January 19, 2025, 8:36 a.m.,x.com/elonmusk/status/1880972545157214472?lang=en, archived at archive.today, February 9, 2026 capture, archive.ph/KQ7QN (Argentina); Elon Musk, X, April 4, 2025, 12:29 a.m.,x.com/elonmusk/status/1908013951113195741, archived at archive.today, July 28, 2025 capture, archive.ph/tTbZ4 (France); Jill Lawless, “Elon Musk Considers Funding Nigel Farage’s Populist Party, a Move That Could Shake Up UK Politics,” Associated Press (AP) News, December 19, 2024,apnews.com/article/elon-musk-nigel-farage-reform-uk-donation-6eb3ea7806b31275a52d71919d6fc35f (UK); Elon Musk, X, February 15, 2025, 1:03 a.m.,x.com/elonmusk/status/1890643072494530874, archived at archive.today, February 9, 2026 capture,archive.ph/cJF0p; and Elon Musk, X, March 15, 2025, 3:00 p.m.,x.com/elonmusk/status/1901201759193739394, archived at archive.today, February 9, 2026 capture, archive.ph/KLtTE. (Hungary).

xxiv     “Cultural inheritors . . .” Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 96. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxiv     “Culture, to thrive . . .”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 104. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxiv     White genocide theory.  See “White Genocide,” ISD Explainers, Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), February 8, 2023, accessed October 7, 2025,www.isdglobal.org/explainers/white-genocide-conspiracy/.

xxiv     “. . . genocide by substitution”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 134. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxv     “childless cat ladies”  Fox News, “JD Vance Strikes Nerve with Media for Latest Stance on Family,” YouTube, July 29, 2021,youtu.be/7gPGxB2FqEc?si=TQIis12br_ZORF-W, 1:36–1:37.

xxv     accuse White women of contributing to the genocide  For an excellent overview of these ideas in the U.S., see Michael Feola, The Rage of Replacement: Far Right Politics and Demographic Fear (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2024), 103-129. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1440045133. For an example outside of the U.S., see Kaya Genç, “Erdoğan’s Great Replacement Theory,” The Dial, January 25, 2023,www.thedial.world/articles/news/issue-1/turkey-erdogan-far-right-abortion-surveillance-technology.

xxv      “Having a lot White babies . . .” “White man” user comment on whitedate.net forum, August 14, 2021, quoted in Feola, The Rage of Replacement: Far Right Politics and Demographic Fear, 103. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1440045133.

xxv     “victory for White life” “Rep. Mary Miller Thanks Trump for ‘Victory for White Life’ in Gaffe at Rally,” NBC News, video, June 25, 2022,www.nbcnews.com/video/rep-mary-miller-thanks-trump-for-victory-for-white-life-in-gaffe-at-rally-142846533597, 0:31–0:33.

xxv      their “war” to protect White people  For example, Brenton   Tarrant, “The Great Replacement” manifesto, March 15, 2019.

xxv     idolized Adolf Hitler  “What We Know About Accused Charlottesville Driver James Alex Fields Jr.,” CBS News, August 14, 2017,www.cbsnews.com/news/james-alex-fields-jr-charlottesville-car-attack-appeared-fond-adolf-hitler.

xxv     physically abused his mother  Arelis R. Hernández et al., “‘Very Threatening’: Mother of Charlottesville Suspect James A. Fields Called 911 Twice,” Washington Post, August 14, 2017,www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/judge-denies-bail-for-man-accused-of-ramming-car-into-charlottesville-protesters/2017/08/14/2177a028-80fd-11e7-ab27-1a21a8e006ab_story.html.

xxv     likely chanted . . . at a rally the morning after . . .  “Ohio Man Sentenced to Life in Prison for Federal Hate Crimes Related to August 2017 Car Attack at Rally in Charlottesville, Virginia,” U.S. Department of Justice, press release, June 28, 2019,www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/ohio-man-sentenced-life-prison-federal-hate-crimes-related-august-2017-car-attack-rally.

xxv     drove his Dodge Challenger into  Elisha Fieldstadt, “James Alex Fields, Driver in Deadly Car Attack at Charlottesville Rally, Sentenced to Life in Prison,” NBC News, June 28, 2019,www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/james-alex-fields-driver-deadly-car-attack-charlottesville-rally-sentenced-n1024436.

xxv     injured thirty-five people and murdered Paul Duggan, “Charge Upgraded to First-Degree Murder for Driver Accused of Ramming Charlottesville Crowd,” Washington Post, December 14, 2017,https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/driver-accused-of-plowing-into-charlottesville-crowd-killing-heather-heyer-due-in-court/2017/12/13/6cbb4ce8-e029-11e7-89e8-edec16379010_story.html.

xxv     “anti-White” initiatives like “DEI” In an interview with Time prior to the 2024 election, Donald Trump said, “There is a definite antiwhite feeling in the country . . . and that can’t be allowed either.” This quote was given alongside reporting that the second Trump administration would roll back previous attempts to promote diversity and racial equity. Eric Cortellessa, “How Far Trump Would Go,” Time, April 30, 2024,time.com/6972021/donald-trump-2024-election-interview/. See also Ashifa Kassam, “What Is DEI and Why Is Trump Opposed to It?” The Guardian, January 24, 2025,www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jan/24/diversity-backlash-what-is-dei-and-why-is-trump-opposed-to-it.

xxv–xxvi      “heralds of ‘diversity’”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 44. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xxvi     “DEI is just another word for racism”  Elon Musk, X, January 3, 2024, 4:05 p.m.,x.com/elonmusk/status/1742653436393406618, archived at archive.today, March 31, 2025 capture, archive.ph/K7RqK.

xxvi     “so-called multiculturalism” as “yet . . .” Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 72. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xxvi     “ . . . that the Democratic Party is trying to replace”  Yael Halon, “Tucker: Every Time Democrats ‘Import a New Voter,’ They Dilute Americans’ Political Power,” Fox News, video, April 8, 2021,www.foxnews.com/media/tucker-carlson-democrats-import-new-voter-dilute-americans-political-power, 2:25–2:43.

xxvi     (WOKE) Act . . .  “Governor DeSantis Announces Legislative Proposal to Stop W.O.K.E. Activism and Critical Race Theory in Schools and Corporations,” Executive Office of the Governor, press release, December 15, 2021,www.flgov.com/eog/news/press/2021/governor-desantis-announces-legislative-proposal-stop-woke-activism-and-critical; and “Governor Ron DeSantis Signs Legislation to Protect Floridians from Discrimination and Woke Indoctrination,” Executive Office of Governor Ron DeSantis, press release, April 22, 2022,www.flgov.com/eog/news/press/2022/governor-ron-desantis-signs-legislation-protect-floridians-discrimination-and-woke. See also Cas Mudde, “What Is behind Ron DeSantis’s Stop-Woke Act?” The Guardian, opinion, February 6, 2023,www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/feb/06/what-is-behind-ron-desantis-stop-woke-act.
 

xxvi     renamed the “Individual Freedom Act” “CS/HB 7: Individual Freedom,” Florida Senate, accessed October 21, 2025,www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2022/7; and Greg Allen, “Gov. Ron DeSantis’ War on ‘Woke’ Appears to be Losing Steam in Florida,” All Things Considered, NPR, March 15, 2024,www.npr.org/2024/03/15/1238272873/desantis-woke-dont-say-gay-florida-stop-woke.

xxvi      mythical “Judeo-Christian” construct  Meredith Warren, “Why ‘Judeo-Christian Values’ Are a Dog-Whistle Myth Peddled by the Far Right,” The Conversation, November 7, 2017,theconversation.com/why-judeo-christian-values-are-a-dog-whistle-myth-peddled-by-the-far-right-85922.

xxvi      dominating men in South Korea During the 2022 South Korean presidential election, the winning candidate, Yoon Suk-yeol of the People Power Party (PPP), “called for the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family to be abolished, and accused its officials of treating men like ‘potential sex criminals.’ He has blamed the country’s low birth rate on feminism—saying that feminism prevents healthy relationships between men and women. He also said that he doesn’t think systemic ‘structural discrimination based on gender’ exists in South Korea—despite Korean women being at or near the bottom of the developed world in a host of economic and social indicators.” Amy Gunia, “How South Korea’s Yoon Suk-yeol Capitalized on Anti-Feminist Backlash to Win the Presidency,” Time, March 10, 2022,time.com/6156537/south-korea-president-yoon-suk-yeol-sexism.

xxvii     less than .002 percent of collegiate athletes  NCAA president Charlie Baker recently testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee that “less than ten” of the 510,000 collegiate athletes in the United States openly identify as transgender. Senate Judiciary Committee, “Sen. Durbin: How many NCAA athletes are there? NCAA president: 510,000. Durbin: How many transgender athletes? NCAA: Less than 10.” Facebook, December 17, 2024,www.facebook.com/SenateJudiciary/videos/sen-durbin-how-many-ncaa-athletes-are-therencaa-president-510000durbin-how-many-/1772854666586249/. See also Gillian Branstetter, “What’s at Stake as the Supreme Court Takes Up Transgender Sports Bans,” ACLU, September 29, 2025,www.aclu.org/news/lgbtq-rights/whats-at-stake-as-the-supreme-court-takes-up-transgender-sports-bans.

xxvii     taking over sports  Donald J. Trump, “Keeping Men Out of Women’s Sports,” The White House, February 5, 2025,www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/02/keeping-men-out-of-womens-sports/; and John Fritze and Devan Cole, “Supreme Court Agrees to Review Bans on Transgender Athletes Joining Teams That Align with Their Gender Identity,” CNN, July 3, 2025,www.cnn.com/2025/07/03/politics/supreme-court-transgender-athletes.

xxvii     in El Salvador  Nayib Bukele, “Satanic altar found today at a gang member’s home in Valle del Sol, Apopa . . .” Facebook, May 2, 2022,www.facebook.com/nayibbukele/posts/563948755089932, archived at archive.today, June 27, 2023 capture,archive.ph/Yyb4t, via Google Translate; Bukele, X, October 8, 2023, 11:21 p.m.,x.com/nayibbukele/status/1711220281820278875, archived at archive.today, December 3, 2025 capture, archive.ph/HxRl5; and Isabel Rikkers and Noelle Brigden, “Christian Zionism in Bukele’s El Salvador,” North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA), October 9, 2024,nacla.org/christian-zionism-bukeles-el-salvador.

xxvii     “And you know who’s being hurt . . .”  NBC Chicago, “Donald Trump’s Full Speech at 2024 RNC,”youtu.be/dLUK_MEJP_M?si=nAYKJgITEQ3w8DIp, 41:14–41:19.

xxvii      “The Black population and the Hispanic population . . .” NBC Chicago, “Donald Trump’s Full Speech at 2024 RNC,”youtu.be/dLUK_MEJP_M?si=nAYKJgITEQ3w8DIp, 41:20–41:30.

xxviii      "White rage”  Carol Anderson, White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017). Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/White-rage-:-the-unspoken-truth-of-our-racial-divide/oclc/956960171; and Carol Anderson, “Ferguson Isn’t About Black Rage Against Cops: It’s White Rage Against Progress,” Washington Post, opinion, August 29, 2014,www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/ferguson-wasnt-black-rage-against-copsit-was-white-rage-against-progress/2014/08/29/3055e3f4-2d75-11e4-bb9b-997ae96fad33_story.html.

xxviii     anger-inducing algorithms  For overviews of how social media companies leverage anger in their algorithms, see Ari Shapiro et al., “Social Media Can Inflame Your Emotions—and It’s a Byproduct of its Design,” All Things Considered, NPR, September 6, 2022,www.npr.org/2022/09/06/1121343898/social-media-can-inflame-your-emotions-and-its-a-byproduct-of-its-design; and Scott Stump, “An Inside Look at the Culture of Outrage on Social Media,” Today, October 2, 2025,www.today.com/news/social-media-outrage-culture-rcna235160.

xxviii     found that fear  reduces voter support  Pavlos Vasilopoulos et al., “Fear, Anger, and Voting for the Far Right: Evidence from the November 13, 2015 Paris Terror Attacks,” Political Psychology 40, no. 4 (August 2019),doi.org/10.1111/pops.12513, 691.

xxviii     anger  increases  support  Vasilopoulos et al., “Fear, Anger, and Voting for the Far Right,”doi.org/10.1111/pops.12513, 691.

xxviii     “angry center-left respondents . . .” “as nonangry far-right respondents”  Vasilopoulos et al., “Fear, Anger, and Voting for the Far Right,”doi.org/10.1111/pops.12513, 691.

xxviii–xxix       the “clear and expressed purpose”  International Military Tribunal, Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, Volume XIV: Nuernberg, October 1946–April 1949 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949), 576, available atwww.google.com/books/edition/Trials_of_War_Criminals_Before_the_Nurem/Rz51LZcnjMkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP3&printsec=frontcover; and Herf, The Jewish Enemy, 23. Find The Jewish Enemy at a library near you atsearch.worldcat.org/ko/title/The-Jewish-enemy-:-Nazi-propaganda-during-World-War-II-and-the-Holocaust/oclc/62128067.

xxix . . . “some elected officials want to . . .” increased  “New UMass Amherst Poll Finds ‘Project 2025’ Policy Proposals Wildly Unpopular Among Americans,” University of Massachusetts Amherst Poll, UMass Amherst, October 29, 2024,www.umass.edu/news/article/new-umass-amherst-poll-finds-project-2025-policy-proposals-wildly-unpopular-among.

xxix     Republicans’ belief in this theory jumped  “New UMass Amherst Poll Finds ‘Project 2025’ Policy Proposals Wildly Unpopular Among Americans,”www.umass.edu/news/article/new-umass-amherst-poll-finds-project-2025-policy-proposals-wildly-unpopular-among.

xxix      are “being threatened with extinction following”  “6 Out of 10 French People Believe in the Theory of the ‘Great Replacement,’” CNews, October 22, 2021,www.cnews.fr/videos/france/2021-10-22/6-francais-sur-10-croient-la-theorie-du-grand-remplacement-1140985, via Google Translate.

xxix     “Do you think such a phenomenon exists?”  “6 Out of 10 French People Believe in the Theory of the ‘Great Replacement,’”www.cnews.fr/videos/france/2021-10-22/6-francais-sur-10-croient-la-theorie-du-grand-remplacement-1140985.

xxix     61 percent of French respondents  “6 Out of 10 French People Believe in the Theory of the ‘Great Replacement,’”www.cnews.fr/videos/france/2021-10-22/6-francais-sur-10-croient-la-theorie-du-grand-remplacement-1140985.

xxix      A 2018 YouGov–Cambridge poll found that . . .  “Brexit and Trump Voters More Likely to Believe in Conspiracy Theories, Survey Study Shows,” University of Cambridge, November 23, 2018,www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/brexit-and-trump-voters-more-likely-to-believe-in-conspiracy-theories-survey-study-shows; and Joel Rogers de Waal, “Brexit and Trump Voters Are More Likely to Believe in Conspiracy Theories,” YouGov, December 14, 2018,yougov.co.uk/international/articles/22231-brexit-and-trump-voters-are-more-likely-believe-co.

xxix     One-third of American respondents agreed  “Challenges to Democracy: The 2024 Election in Focus; Findings from the 2024 American Values Survey,” Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI), accessed May 14, 2025,www.prri.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/PRRI-Oct-2024-AVS-Draft_B.pdf, 61.

xxix      “there is a group of people in this country who are trying to replace”  The Associated Press and NORC Center for Public Affairs Research, “Immigration Attitudes and Conspiratorial Thinkers: A Study Issued on the 10th Anniversary of the Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research,” May 2022,apnorc.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Immigration-Report_V15.pdf, 13.

xxix     “the more moderate majority” These authors use the term “authoritarian,” which falls within this book’s definition of “great replacement.” Marc J. Hetherington and Elizabeth Suhay, “Authoritarianism, Threat, and Americans' Support for the War on Terror,” American Journal of Political Science 55, no. 3 (July 2011), 547. Access the journal article atwww.jstor.org/stable/23024936.

xxix–xxx     “. . . ‘authoritarian thinking’ when they perceive a grave threat”  Hetherington and Suhay, “Authoritarianism, Threat, and Americans' Support for the War on Terror,” 546. Find the journal article atwww.jstor.org/stable/23024936.

xxx     “center-right,” “center-left,” “leftist,” and “far left” The following polls show that belief in great replacement spans the political spectrum (though to varying degrees): Philip Bump, “Nearly Half of Republicans Agree with ‘Great Replacement Theory,’” Washington Post, May 9, 2022,www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/09/nearly-half-republicans-agree-with-great-replacement-theory; Joel Rogers de Waal, “Brexit and Trump Voters More Likely to Believe in Conspiracy Theories, Survey Study Shows,” YouGov, December 14, 2018,yougov.co.uk/international/articles/22231-brexit-and-trump-voters-are-more-likely-believe-co; Harris Interactive, Twitter, October 20, 2021, 9:31 a.m.,x.com/harrisint_fr/status/1450816889790337025, via Google Translate; Peter Cluskey, “Survey Reveals 15% of Dutch Adults Believe Far-Right Conspiracy Theory That White Population Is Being Replaced,” Irish Times, August 2, 2024,www.irishtimes.com/world/europe/2024/08/02/survey-reveals-15-of-dutch-adults-believe-far-right-conspiracy-theory/; David Coletto, “Millions Believe in Conspiracy Theories in Canada,” Abacus Data, June 12, 2022,abacusdata.ca/conspiracy-theories-canada/; and Political Shifts and Government Majority in Right-Leaning France, ed. Dominique Reynié, Fondation pour l’innovation politique (Fondapol), September 2022,www.fondapol.org/app/uploads/2022/09/fondapol-study-political-shifts-and-government-majority-in-right-leaning-france-09-2022-2.pdf, 9. Note that foreign-language posts on Twitter or X have been translated using the platform’s embedded Google Translate feature. The words “via Google Translate” following a foreign-language post indicate that the embedded feature was not available for that particular post and the text was independently run through Google Translate.

xxx     blends elements from philosophies across the spectrum Populism: elites are behind the Great Replacement. Centrism: the “replacers” and the “replacists” are radical extremists. Socialism: government resources should improve the livelihoods of everyday (White) people (not immigrants of color). Nationalism: the nation is being divided and destroyed. Liberalism: the government should protect individuals from harm. Conservatism: traditional values are under attack. Fascism: strong patriots are needed to protect the people and the nation.

xxx     particular philosophical hybridity  See Amit Varshizky, “The Metaphysics of Race: Revisiting Nazism and Religion,” Central European History 52, no. 2 (2019),https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938919000189, 252–288.

xxx     inspired early Nazi political theorists  See Stefan Kuhl, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2002). Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/27935541.

xxx     Madison Grant  Jim Wheeler, “Madison Grant and the Dark Side of the Conservation Movement,” The Public Historian 45, no. 3 (2023),online.ucpress.edu/tph/article/45/3/75/196885/Madison-Grant-and-the-Dark-Side-of-the.

xxx–xxxi      “Where two races occupy a country . . .”  Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race: Or, the Racial Basis of European History (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1916), 42, 43. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1451110.

xxxi      An immigrant from Austria “Adolf Hitler: Early Years, 1889–1921,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, March 25, 2025,encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/adolf-hitler-early-years-1889-1921.

xxxi     read The Passing of the Great Race “Beer Hall Putsch,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, November 3, 2023,encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/beer-hall-putsch-munich-putsch; and “Hitler’s Race Hate Debt to America,” The Guardian, February 12, 2004,www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2004/feb/12/guardianweekly.guardianweekly11.

xxxi     the book “my Bible” Adolf Hitler to Madison Grant, letter, undated, quoted in Jonathan Peter Spiro, Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant (Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Press, 2009), 357. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/667076920.

xxxi      “man of the old stock being crowded out . . .”  Grant, The Passing of the Great Race, 81. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1451110.

xxxi      “while he is being elbowed out . . .”  Grant, The Passing of the Great Race, 81. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1451110.

xxxi     compose his own work in prison  “Mein Kampf,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed July 8, 2025,encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/mein-kampf.

xxxi     “In general it should not be forgotten . . .”  Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, trans. Ralph Manheim (1943; Boston, MA: Mariner Books, 1999),archive.org/details/mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-ralph-manheim-translation/page/96/mode/2up, 96.

xxxi     concept of  Umvolkung, which translates  Bracke and Hernández Aguilar, “The Politics of Replacement: From ‘Race Suicide’ to the ‘Great Replacement,’” 8. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1399572660.

xxxi      “We all know that Bolshevism’s goal . . .”  Adolf Hitler, September 9, 1936, quoted in Herf, The Jewish Enemy, 42. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/ko/title/The-Jewish-enemy-:-Nazi-propaganda-during-World-War-II-and-the-Holocaust/oclc/62128067.

xxxi     routinely chanted “blood and soil” “Origins of Neo-Nazi and White Supremacist Terms and Symbols: A Glossary,” United States Holocaust Memorial and Museum, accessed May 15, 2015,www.ushmm.org/antisemitism/what-is-antisemitism/origins-of-neo-nazi-and-white-supremacist-terms-and-symbols.

xxxi     Charlottesville, too, chanted “blood and soil” Meg Wagner, “‘Blood and Soil’: Protesters Chant Nazi Slogan in Charlottesville,” CNN, August 12, 2017,www.cnn.com/2017/08/12/us/charlottesville-unite-the-right-rally/index.html.

xxxi     “very fine people”  Days after the Charlottesville “Unite the Right” march and Fields Jr.’s attack on counterprotestors, Donald Trump told reporters at Trump Tower, “You had some very bad people in that group but you also had people that were very fine people on both sides.” CNBC, “President Donald Trump On Charlottesville: You Had Very Fine People, On Both Sides | CNBC,” August 15, 2017,youtu.be/JmaZR8E12bs?si=gFtptUDozcBnlsSW, 1:01–1:09.

xxxi     “They’re trying to take away . . .”  New York Times, “President Donald Trump’s Rally in Phoenix (Full),” YouTube, August 22, 2017,www.youtube.com/live/y9qFhtZDQ4A?si=4wixEsljbQVVx_hp, 1:31:38–1:31:43.

xxxi      “poisoning the blood of our country . . .” “Donald Trump on Illegal Immigrants ‘Poisoning the Blood of Our Country,’” C-SPAN, video, December 16, 2023,www.c-span.org/clip/campaign-2024/donald-trump-on-illegal-immigrants-poisoning-the-blood-of-our-country/5098439, 0:15–0:32. See also Tim Dickinson, “‘Infested,’ ‘Bloodbath, ‘Vermin’: A Guide to Trump’s Fascist Rhetoric,” Rolling Stone, September 24, 2024,www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/trump-fascist-talk-bloodbath-vermin-dictator-1234992957.

xxxi–xxxii      agreed that immigrants were poisoning the blood of the United States  “Challenges to Democracy,”www.prri.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/PRRI-Oct-2024-AVS-Draft_B.pdf, 7, 62, 63; and Michael Sainato, “A Third of Americans Agree with Trump That Immigrants ‘Poison the Blood’ of US,” The Guardian, October 18, 2024,www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/oct/18/election-trump-immigration-poll.

xxxii      “inner blood-poisoning"  Adolf Hitler quoted in Ian Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2010), 843. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/500873821?oclcNum=500873821.

xxxii      we call it neo-Nazism Here are two examples. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) provides the following definition of “Neo-Nazi”: “Neo-Nazi groups share a hatred for Jews and a love for Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany. While they also hate nonwhite people, LGBTQ people and even sometimes Christians, they perceive ‘the Jew’ as their cardinal enemy.” “Neo-Nazi,” Extremist Files, SPLC accessed October 7, 2025,www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/neo-nazi/. The European Center for Populism Studies states, “Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II militant, social or political movements seeking to revive and implement the ideology of Nazism. Neo-Nazis seek to employ their ideology to promote hatred and attack minorities, or in some cases to create a fascist state. It is a global phenomenon, with organized representation in many countries and international networks. It borrows elements from Nazi doctrine, including ultra-nationalism, racism, xenophobia, homophobia, anti-Romanism, antisemitism and anti-communism. Holocaust denial is a common feature, as is the incorporation of Nazi symbols and admiration of Adolf Hitler.” See “Neo-Nazism,” Dictionary of Populism, European Center for Populism Studies, accessed October 7, 2025,www.populismstudies.org/Vocabulary/neo-nazism/.

xxxii      A politics of zero-sum blood wars (Nazi) “Timeline of the German Military and the Nazi Regime,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed May 20, 2025,encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/timeline-of-the-german-military-and-the-nazi-regime; Oliver Pieper, “The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust on the Battlefield,” Deutsche Welle (DW), May 7, 2020,www.dw.com/en/the-wehrmacht-and-the-holocaust-on-the-battlefield/a-53366016; and Ayelett Shani, “‘They Were Human Monsters’: Recordings Destroy the ‘Clean Wehrmacht’ Myth,” Haaretz, December 16, 2022,www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-12-16/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/they-were-human-monsters-recordings-destroy-the-clean-wehrmacht-myth/00000185-1b01-dcb5-abe7-dbaf9c130000.

xxxii      Multiple bloodlines can’t coexist on the same soil (Nazi)  “The Biological State: Nazi Racial Hygiene, 1933–1939,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed May 20, 2025,encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-biological-state-nazi-racial-hygiene-1933-1939.

xxxii      Anti-Nazism labeled . . . as cultural Marxism (neo-Nazi)  “‘Degenerate’ Art,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed May 20, 2025,encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/degenerate-art-1; and Fabiola Cineas, “How Republicans are Weaponizing Antisemitism to Take Down DEI,” Vox, December 21, 2023,www.vox.com/24010858/republicans-antisemitism-dei-diversity-equity-inclusion-jewish-students.

xxxii      Jew as the alien enemy (Nazi) “Defining the Enemy,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed May 20, 2025,encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/defining-the-enemy.

xxxii      “International Jewry” striving to dominate  Herf, The Jewish Enemy, 3, 64. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/ko/title/The-Jewish-enemy-:-Nazi-propaganda-during-World-War-II-and-the-Holocaust/oclc/62128067.

xxxii     “globalists” striving to dominate the globe (neo-Nazi) See Ben Zimmer, “The Origins of the ‘Globalist’ Slur,” The Atlantic, March 14, 2018.www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/03/the-origins-of-the-globalist-slur/555479/.

xxxii      Jews must be deported to safeguard Aryans  “Nazi Racism,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed May 20, 2025,encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nazi-racism; and Jacob Flaws, “The Nuremberg Race Laws,” National WWII Museum (New Orleans), January 7, 2025,www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/nuremberg-laws.


xxxiii      “second career of Adolf Hitler”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 62; and Camus, La Seconde Carrière d'Adolf Hitler (Plieux, France: Renaud Camus, 2018). Find Le Grand Remplacement library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742. Find La Seconde Carrière library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1089836202.

xxxiii     “all of the terms and ideas that were touched . . .”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 64. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xxxiii      “were indispensable” . . . “Deprived of them . . .”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 64. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xxxiii      finish the job of White extinction that the Nazi leader’s first career started  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 62–64. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xxxiii      the gravest amount of White death and destruction  “World War II . . . was the deadliest and most destructive war in history.” “Explore WWII History,” National WWII Museum, accessed July 8, 2025,www.nationalww2museum.org/students-teachers/student-resources/explore-wwii-history.

xxxiii      forty-five million White European civilians and soldiers  This figure is based on the highest estimates for the total military and civilian deaths in each European country listed in “Research Starters: Worldwide Deaths in World War II,” National WWII Museum, accessed July 8, 2025,www.nationalww2museum.org/students-teachers/student-resources/research-starters/research-starters-worldwide-deaths-world-war. Most of those civilians and soldiers would be identified as White.

xxxiii     “When you have thus formed the chain of ideas . . .” Joseph Michel Antoine Servan, Discours sur l’administration de la justice criminelle, vol. 1 (Geneva, Switzerland: n.p., 1767), 34, via Google Translate. See also Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Random House, 1995), 102. For Discours sur l’administration library book, seehttps://search.worldcat.org/title/12791572. For Discipline and Punish library book, seesearch.worldcat.org/title/32367111.

xxxiii     institute a more effective system of control  Servan, Discours sur l’administration de la justice criminelle, 1:34–35. See also Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 102–103. For Discours sur l’administration library book, seehttps://search.worldcat.org/title/12791572. For Discipline and Punish library book, seesearch.worldcat.org/title/32367111.

xxxiii–xxxiv      “despair and time eat away . . .”  Servan, Discours sur l’administration de la justice criminelle, 1:34–35. See also Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 102–103. For Discours sur l’administration library book, seehttps://search.worldcat.org/title/12791572. For Discipline and Punish library book, seesearch.worldcat.org/title/32367111.

xxxiv     “explanatory framework for historical events”  Herf, The Jewish Enemy, 2. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/ko/title/The-Jewish-enemy-:-Nazi-propaganda-during-World-War-II-and-the-Holocaust/oclc/62128067.

xxxiv      “when the establishment of modern nationalism”  Bracke and Hernández Aguilar, “The Politics of Replacement: From ‘Race Suicide’ to the ‘Great Replacement,’” 7. Find the library book atworldcat.org/title/1399572660.

xxxv      are taught to covet the privilege  See Heather McGhee, The Sum of Us: What Racism Costs Everyone and How We Can Prosper Together (New York: One World, 2021). Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1281138006.

xxxv      richest and most powerful oligarchies in the world  By the 1830s, “Southern white elites grew rich, as did their counterparts in the North, who erected textile mills to form . . . The large-scale cultivation of cotton hastened the invention of the factory, an institution that propelled the Industrial Revolution and changed the course of history. In 1810, there were 87,000 cotton spindles in America. Fifty years later, there were five million. Slavery, wrote one of its defenders in De Bow’s Review, a widely read agricultural magazine, was the ‘nursing mother of the prosperity of the North.’ Cotton planters, millers and consumers were fashioning a new economy, one that was global in scope and required the movement of capital, labor and products across long distances. In other words, they were fashioning a capitalist economy.” “By the eve of the Civil War . . . Cotton grown and picked by enslaved workers was the nation’s most valuable export. The combined value of enslaved people exceeded that of all the railroads and factories in the nation.” Matthew Desmond, “In Order to Understand the Brutality of American Capitalism, You Have to Start on the Plantation,” New York Times Magazine, August 14, 2019,www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/slavery-capitalism.html. This extreme wealth translated to political dominance. “Twelve of the 18 presidents who held office between 1789 and 1877 owned slaves,” Gautham Rao, “U.S. Presidents and Slavery,” Miller Center, University of Virginia, accessed July 9, 2025,millercenter.org/us-presidents-and-slavery. Northern corporations accumulated massive wealth from slavery. See The Stolen Wealth of Slavery: A Case for Reparations (New York: Legacy Lit, 2024). Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1382524629. The merchant elite involved in Southern enslaving dominated New England politics in the early nineteenth century. See Edward E. Baptist, The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism (New York: Basic Books, 2014), 157. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/962481315.

xxxv–xxxvi      rarely became a super-wealthy enslaver “Most southern overseers entertained fairly modest aspirations with regard to advancing their social and economic position.” William Kaufmann Scarborough, The Overseer: Plantation Management in the Old South (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1984), 46. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/10849606.

xxxvii     as anti-White, as “racist” On the March 9, 2021, episode of Tucker Carlson Tonight, Carlson called How To Be An Antiracist “racist filth.” “Tucker Carlson Tonight,” Fox News, March 9, 2021, accessed via Internet Archive, archive.org/details/FOXNEWSW_20210310_050000_Tucker_Carlson_Tonight/start/1980/end/2040, 0:32–0:42. On the June 18 episode, Carlson claimed that the book “promotes racism.” “Tucker Takes Aim at Military’s Newest Required Reading,” Fox News, video, June 18, 2021,www.foxnews.com/transcript/tucker-takes-aim-at-militarys-newest-required-reading, 2:07–2:13. In January 2024, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, a former member of the Netherlands House of Representatives and now a fellow at the Hoover Institute, stated, “Ibram X. Kendi is a racist. He is a certified racist.” Similar to Carlson, she claimed my work is “about promoting racism.” TalkTV, “Douglas Murray ROASTS Disgraced Harvard President Claudine Gay,” YouTube, January 4, 2024,youtu.be/mqjIES6b1ZI?si=L2jFYEi_Zocn1aHD, 5:38–5:48.

xxxvii     even so-called “centrist” and “liberal” and “leftist” commentators  Great replacement theorists produced the smear that I was a “grifter,” doing this work strictly for personal gain. The rage of so-called “conservatives” at me for giving people a clear picture of racism became the rage of so-called “centrists” and “liberals” and “leftists.” Rarely did these commentators closely read and assess my actual scholarship and writings. Instead, they attacked or questioned my personal character and my political commitments based on misrepresentations and interpersonal grievances. When I had to make the difficult decision to let go of staff to sustain an antiracist research center, instead of criticizing the structural conditions that put many organizations like mine in that terrible position—institutional neglect, nosedive in funding for racial justice organizations—these commentators jumped on this tragic situation to undermine my standing, likely hoping to elevate themselves. The idea that “we gain as others fall; as others fall, we gain” is quite central to great replacement theory. And this idea is prevalent among people who identify as “centrist” and “liberal” and “leftist.” See Jay Caspian Kang, “Ibram X. Kendi, Hasan Minhaj, and the Question of Selling Out,” New Yorker, October 7, 2023,https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/ibram-x-kendi-hasan-minhaj-and-the-question-of-selling-out; Jason Miles, “The Man Who Sold the World,” Damage Magazine, November 7, 2023,damagemag.com/2023/11/07/the-man-who-sold-the-world/;  Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, “Ibram X. Kendi’s Anti-Racism,” New Yorker, October 21, 2023,www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/ibram-x-kendis-anti-racism.

xxxvii     “the dogmatic antiracist regime . . .”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 41. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

xxxvii–xxxviii     “the cruel irony generated . . .”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 80. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxxviii     “. . . project with strong genocidal connotations”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 83. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxxviii     “I believe in the equality of nothing,” Camus admits. “Equality . . .”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 115. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

xxxviii      he fails to secure the five hundred signatures  Renaud Camus, “We Refuse to Change Our Civilization,” Le Monde, opinion, April 19, 2012,www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2012/04/19/nous-refusons-de-changer-de-civilisation_1687967_3232.html, via Google Translate.

xxxviii     Camus endorses a candidate  Camus, “We Refuse to Change Our Civilization,”www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2012/04/19/nous-refusons-de-changer-de-civilisation_1687967_3232.html.

xxxviii     “She is the best able to save . . .”  Camus, “We Refuse to Change Our Civilization,”www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2012/04/19/nous-refusons-de-changer-de-civilisation_1687967_3232.html.