Epilogue

493     “discovered that thousand-year-old villages . . .” Renaud Camus, You Will Not Replace Us! (Plieux, France: Renaud Camus, 2018), 19. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

493     a party founded by Nazis AFP, “Austrian Far-Right Freedom Party Dogged by Nazi Past,” France 24, September 25, 2019, www.france24.com/en/20190925-austrian-far-right-freedom-party-dogged-by-nazi-past.

493     became the most popular party Associated Press (AP), “Austria’s Freedom Party Secures First Far-Right National Election Win Since World War II,” CNN, September 30, 2024, edition.cnn.com/2024/09/29/europe/austria-election-results-freedom-party-intl-hnk.

493     pushed remigration as the “solution” Agence France-Presse, “Martin Sellner, Austrian Far-Right Activist Facing Trouble Abroad,” France 24, March 20, 2024, www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240320-martin-sellner-austrian-far-right-activist-facing-trouble-abroad.

493     lived in Vienna “Adolf Hitler: Early Years, 1889–1921,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, March 25, 2025, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/adolf-hitler-early-years-1889-1921.

493     capital of Austria-Hungary “Vienna was the capital of a large multi-national empire under the German-speaking Habsburg dynasty for five centuries.” “Vienna,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed May 15, 2025, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/vienna.

493     hailed from German-speaking Austrians “Adolf Hitler: Early Years, 1889–1921,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/adolf-hitler-early-years-1889-1921.

493     for centuries . . . imposed their power, language, and culture . . . dozen . . . William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (1960; New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 21. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1333912673. These impositions were part of the Habsburgs’ efforts to centralize their empire. Historian Pieter M. Judson writes, “a centralized Habsburg state emerged in the second half of the eighteenth century out of various territories acquired by the Habsburg dynasty since the thirteenth century . . . In the 1780s. . .the Habsburgs held territories that are today located in twelve different European countries and that in the late eighteenth century included speakers of languages known today as Croatian, Czech, Flemish, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Ladin, Polish, Romanian, Serb, Slovak, Slovene, Ukrainian, and Yiddish.” Joseph II (1741–1790) pushed for German to be the official administrative language “because of its new status as a literary and scientific language in the eighteenth century.” Joseph’s decree came at a time when “regional patriots” in Bohemia and Hungary were attempting to revitalize the Hungarian and Czech languages, sparking resistance against the emperor’s perceived attempt to “Germanize” his subjects. See Pieter M. Judson, The Habsburg Empire: A New History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), 18–19, 79–81. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/945736098. See also Martin Mutschlechner, “Holding the Monarchy Together: The German-Austrians as the Guarantors of Habsburg Statehood,” trans. Peter John Nicholson, The First World War and the End of the Habsburg Monarchy, accessed May 15, 2025, ww1.habsburger.net/en/chapters/holding-monarchy-together-german-austrians-guarantors-habsburg-statehood.

493     liberated themselves, namely the Italians and Hungarians Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 21; and Judson, The Habsburg Empire, 162, 205, 220, 233–234, 250, 259–262, 263. Find The Rise and Fall library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1333912673. Find The Habsburg Empire library book at search.worldcat.org/title/945736098.

493     were demanding their liberations Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 21. Slavic nationalists had been active in the Habsburg Empire since the nineteenth century. In 1848, “Slav nationalists organized a Congress of Slavs” in Prague. During World War I, “having lost Russia to peace-demanding bolshevism, and increasingly pessimistic about the possibility of negotiating a separate peace with Austria-Hungary, the western allies now began to consider the possibility of a future breakup of the Habsburg Empire. Exiled nationalist politicians from Austria-Hungary . . . who had been unsuccessfully trying to make a case for such a breakup . . . suddenly gained more willing ears for their arguments.” “In the summer of 1918 the British, French, and Americans finally, if reluctantly, agreed to the dissolution of the empire and the creation of the new states of Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia.” See Judson, The Habsburg Empire, 207, 407, 430–431; and Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 21. Find The Rise and Fall library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1333912673. Find The Habsburg Empire library book at search.worldcat.org/title/945736098.

493–494     acquired universal male suffrage, after a general strike for . . . Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 21. See also Judson, The Habsburg Empire, 370–375. Find The Rise and Fall library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1333912673. Find The Habsburg Empire library book at search.worldcat.org/title/945736098.

494     “democratic nonsense” Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 22. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1333912673.

494     “visual instruction of the Vienna streets” Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, trans. Ralph Manheim (1943; Boston, MA: Mariner Books, 1999), archive.org/details/mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-ralph-manheim-translation/page/54/mode/2up, 55.

494     “Once, as I was strolling . . .” Hitler, Mein Kampf, archive.org/details/mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-ralph-manheim-translation/page/56/mode/2up, 56.

494     “Is this a Jew? was my first thought” Hitler, Mein Kampf, archive.org/details/mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-ralph-manheim-translation/page/56/mode/2up, 56.

494     Is she Black? At the 2024 convention of the National Association of Black Journalists, Donald Trump said of Kamala Harris, “I’ve known her a long time indirectly . . . and she was always of Indian heritage and she was only promoting Indian heritage. I didn’t know she was Black until a number of years ago when she happened to turn Black, and now she wants to be known as Black. So I don’t know, is she Indian or is she Black?” Associated Press (AP), “Trump Questions Kamala Harris’ Race During NABJ Convention,” YouTube, July 31, 2024, youtu.be/Pxj1R-RRkW8?si=l8k3HVwVDHsbs-eO, 0:45-1:05. Trump added, “she was Indian all the way and then all of a sudden she made a turn and she went, she became a Black person.” AP, “Trump Questions Kamala Harris’ Race During NABJ Convention,” youtu.be/Pxj1R-RRkW8?si=l8k3HVwVDHsbs-eO, 1:12-1:18.

494     Is this an American? Good Morning America on March 17, 2011, correspondent Ashleigh Banfield asked Trump if he believed Obama was born in the United States. Roll Call Factbase Videos, “Interview: Ashleigh Banfield Interviews Donald Trump on Good Morning America—March 17, 2011,” YouTube, September 27, 2020, youtu.be/Ol7oyiLzBBY?si=Nyc9gzO9kh6T3Y-n, 3:47–3:52. Trump replied, “Everybody that even gives any hint of being a birther, a word you didn’t use, ever a little bit of a hint, like, ‘gee, you know, maybe just this much of a chance,’ they label them as an idiot. Let me tell you, I’m a really smart guy. I was a really good student at the best school in the country. The reason I have a little doubt, just a little, is because he grew up and nobody knew him. When you interview people, if I ever got the nomination, if I ever decide to run, you may go back and interview people from my kindergarten. They’ll remember me. Nobody ever comes forward, nobody knows who he is until later in his life. It’s very strange. The whole thing is very strange.” Roll Call Factbase Videos, “Interview: Ashleigh Banfield Interviews Donald Trump on Good Morning America,” youtu.be/Ol7oyiLzBBY?si=Nyc9gzO9kh6T3Y-n, 3:52–4:31. Trump’s official launch into birtherism began six days later, during a March 23, 2011, appearance on The View to promote The Celebrity Apprentice. Host Joy Behar asked Trump about his comments from his March 17 Good Morning America appearance, reading his comments aloud. For the full exchange between Trump and The View hosts, see The View Archive, “Donald Trump (Aired: 03/23/2011),” YouTube, January 20, 2023, youtu.be/KMvYxMgD0pw?si=BAaVdspD-NL6HzVq, 22:01–24:52.

494     depicted an orthodox Jewish man likely from . . . “In the roughly seven decades preceding the outbreak of the First World War, the nature of Jewish immigration to the Austrian capital changed considerably. Until the 1870s Jews came mostly from the Bohemian crownlands of Bohemia, Moravia, and Austrian Silesia. Having already adopted the German language, even before 1848, and being well educated, they had little difficulty adjusting to life in the Austrian metropolis. The same, for the most part, could be said of the second wave of immigrants, which came from Hungary. After 1867 the geographic origins of Jewish immigrants to Vienna began to change drastically. Immigrants from Galicia, usually non-German-speaking and often Orthodox, now started to outnumber Jewish immigrants from the Bohemian crownlands and Hungary. As early as 1880, 18 percent of Vienna’s Jews were from this Polish and Ukrainian province; that figure grew to 23 percent in 1910. The growth in the absolute number of Galician-born Jews was even more impressive: 13,180 in 1880 and 30,325 thirty years later.” Bruce F. Pauley, From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 24. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/45730734.

494     massacres . . . prompted tens of thousands to flee . . . The emigration of Galician Jews “after 1881 from what had once been Poland was additionally propelled by pogroms organized by the Russian minister of the interior, Nicholas Ignatiev. The Russian Empire thus became the first country in Europe to have officially sponsored pogroms. The tsar’s regime was also skillful at playing off Poles, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, and Cossacks against the Jews. The pogroms of Ignatiev spread to over one hundred locations and lasted nearly a year (1881–82); they were followed by a mass of anti-Jewish legislation designed, according to the government, to restrict the antisocial activities of the Jews and to calm popular indignation against them. Austria was scarcely the only country to be affected by these new Jewish immigrants, nor the only country to react negatively. A massive wave of terrified Jews fled from Russia to urban centers in Western Europe. In England, the Jewish population of 65,000 in 1881 quadrupled during the next thirty years fueling demands by Conservative politicians and trade union leaders like for immigration controls. Another 20,000 Russian Jews fled to Paris between 1881 and the outbreak of the First World War.” Pauley, From Prejudice to Persecution, 24–25. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/45730734.

494     cast them as invaders “The refugees also increased anti-Jewish feelings in Germany just two years after the Hamburg anarchist pamphleteer, Wilhelm Marr, had introduced the term anti-Semitism and had founded an Anti-Semitic League.” Pauley, From Prejudice to Persecution, 25. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/45730734.

494     popularized the term “antisemitism” “It may not be true, as many historians claim, that Marr invented the term, but he gave it the meaning for which it is known . . . In the term’s first known usage, Moritz Steinschneider, a Bohemian scholar of Jewish history, used the term in 1860 to describe and criticize the racial thinking of classicist and orientalist Ernest Renan. The term was next used five years later, when orientalist Gustaf Weil employed the term quite idiosyncratically in an article on ‘Semitic Peoples’ for the third edition of the Rotteck-Welckerschen State Dictionary. Specifically, Weil used the term to describe the birth of the ‘Kingdom of Jews,’ reflecting his view that the monarchy was inconsistent with a republican Jewish constitutional tradition. The term then disappeared until 1879, when Marr, the first gentile known to use the word, gave it its current meaning . . . based on his belief that Jews were destroying the German people.” Kenneth L. Marcus, The Definition of Anti-Semitism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 57–58. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/898273687.

494     “the end of Germany” In 1879, Wilhelm Marr declared, “Finis Germaniae,” Latin for “the end of Germany.” Wilhelm Marr, The Victory of Judaism over Germanism: Viewed from a Nonreligious Point of View, 8th ed., trans. Gerhard Rohringer (1879; Gerhard Rohringer, 2009), archive.org/details/marr-wilhelm-the-victory-of-judaism-over-germanism_202012/page/33/mode/2up, 33–34, via Google Translate.

494     “slaves” Marr, The Victory Of Judaism Over Germanism, archive.org/details/marr-wilhelm-the-victory-of-judaism-over-germanism_202012/page/33/mode/2up, 33.

494     after a long race war against Jews Marr, The Victory Of Judaism Over Germanism, archive.org/details/marr-wilhelm-the-victory-of-judaism-over-germanism_202012/page/27/mode/2up, 27.

495     justified the Holocaust as preventing . . . On January 1, 1940, Adolf Hitler claimed, “The Jewish-capitalist world enemy that confronts us has only one goal: to exterminate Germany and the German people.” Hitler quoted in Jeffrey Herf, The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda During World War II and the Holocaust (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press), 64. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/ko/title/The-Jewish-enemy-:-Nazi-propaganda-during-World-War-II-and-the-Holocaust/oclc/62128067. Two years later, Hitler said, “the war can only end when either the Aryan peoples are exterminated or the Jews disappear from Europe.” Adolf Hitler quoted in Robert Gellately, Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 148. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/48533508.

495     “The Great Replacement is a genocide by substitution” Renaud Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 134. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

495     Hearing Russian artillery Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 1127. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1333912673.

495     Knowing Russian troops were coming Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 1122. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1333912673.

495     Marrying his long-time girlfriend Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 1123. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1333912673.

495     with a wedding breakfast Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 1123. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1333912673.

495     Lecturing the guests . . . “Fraulein Manzialy, Hitler’s vegetarian cook, was invited, along with his secretaries, the remaining generals, [Hans] Krebs and [Wilhelm] Burgdorf, [Martin] Bormann and [Joseph] and [Magda] Goebbels, to share in the wedding celebration . . . As was his custom, even to the very last, the bridegroom talked on and on, reviewing the high points in his dramatic life. Now it was ended, he said, and so was National Socialism. It would be a release for him to die, since he had been betrayed by his oldest friends and supporters.” Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 1123. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1333912673.

495     Tears welling up “The wedding party was plunged into gloom and some of the guests stole away in tears.” Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 1123. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1333912673.

495     . . . his final “Political Testament” to the world Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 1123, 1124. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1333912673.

495     “out of the ruins of our cities . . .” Adolf Hitler, “Political Testament,” April 29, 1945, in The Third Reich Sourcebook, eds. Anson Rabinbach and Sander L. Gilman (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2013), 872. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/849787041.

495     “there will come . . .” Hitler, “Political Testament,” 873. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/849787041.

496     the third-youngest vice president Michael C. Bender, “JD Vance, Trump’s MAGA Successor, Will Be One of America’s Youngest Vice Presidents,” New York Times, November 6, 2024, www.nytimes.com/2024/11/06/us/politics/jd-vance-wins-vp.html.

496     grand political struggle . . . races or ethnicities or religions Traditional commentary would also state the grand political struggle is between capital and labor, or the capitalist class and the working class. And there is truth to this analysis, if and only if it also accounts for the horizontal struggles between capitalist classes who support democracy versus autocracy—and the vertical struggles between the privileged working classes and the disadvantaged working classes. This book attempted to present these horizontal and vertical political struggles between capitalist and working classes in the twenty-first century. This book shows how authoritarian capitalists are deploying great replacement theory to manipulate privileged working classes into supporting them—to maximize their exploitation and domination. These authoritarian capitalists have taken advantage of the contradictions between capitalism and democracy, and the conditions of socio-economic insecurity these contradictions have wrought. To distract from their policymaking role in these conditions, to distract from their increasing exploitation and domination in late-stage capitalism, authoritarian capitalists are leading privileged working classes to engage in political struggles with disadvantaged working classes and capitalists who tout a commitment to democracy. W.E.B. Du Bois termed this situation a “post-Marxian phenomenon” as early as 1933. See W.E.B. Du Bois, “Marxism and the Negro Problem,” The Crisis, May 1933, books.google.com/books?id=xVcEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA103&dq=Du%20Bois%2C%20%E2%80%9CMarxism%20and%20the%20Negro%20Problem%2C%E2%80%9D%20The%20Crisis%2C%20May%201933%2C&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false, 103-104. Du Bois would go on to write in 1940, “Instead of a horizontal division of classes, there was a vertical fissure, a complete separation of classes by race, cutting square across the economic layers.” In the twenty-first century, the main racist theory serving as a vertical separator of classes by race (and ethnicity and religion) is great replacement theory. For the “horizontal division of classes” quote, see W.E.B. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward An Autobiography of a Race Concept (1940; New York: Schocken Press, 1970), archive.org/details/duskofdawnessayt00dubo/page/204/mode/2up, 205.

496–497 banded together in the second-round runoff Laura Gozzi, “Who Are the Left-Wing Alliance That Won France’s Election?” BBC News, July 8, 2024, www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpd910je22no; and Jon Henley, “ French PM Says Efforts to Prevent Far-Right Majority Can Succeed,” The Guardian, July 3, 2024, www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/03/france-prevent-far-right-majority-national-rally-gabriel-attal-marine-le-pen.

497     fifty-seven out of sixty lawmakers abolished . . . Le Monde with AFP, “El Salvador Abolishes Presidential Term Limits, Allowing Bukele to Run Again,” Le Monde, August 1, 2025, last updated September 18, 2025, www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/08/01/el-salvador-abolishes-presidential-term-limits-allowing-bukele-to-run-again_6743973_4.html.

497     controlled by Nayib Bukele’s Nuevas Ideas party Le Monde with AFP, “El Salvador Abolishes Presidential Term Limits, Allowing Bukele to Run Again,” www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/08/01/el-salvador-abolishes-presidential-term-limits-allowing-bukele-to-run-again_6743973_4.html

497     the “right-wing” Alianza Republicana Nacionalista Chase Harrison, “In El Salvador, a Chastened Opposition Looks to Find Its Way,” Americas Quarterly, May 31, 2022, www.americasquarterly.org/article/in-el-salvador-a-chastened-opposition-looks-to-find-its-way/.

497     “Today, democracy has died in El Salvador” Marcela Villatoro quoted in Le Monde with AFP, “El Salvador Abolishes Presidential Term Limits, Allowing Bukele to Run Again,” www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/08/01/el-salvador-abolishes-presidential-term-limits-allowing-bukele-to-run-again_6743973_4.html.

497     took seven months Molly Quell, “Dutch King Swears in a New Government 7 Months After Far-Right Party Won Elections,” Associated Press (AP) News, July 2, 2024, apnews.com/article/netherlands-government-king-farright-wilders-890478be1f3233c92ea645f334e74745.

497     demanded . . . send the army to the border, bar all asylum seekers . . . Jon Henley, “Why Geert Wilders’ Plan to Become Netherlands PM May Well Backfire,” The Guardian, June 4, 2025, www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jun/04/geert-wilders-plan-netherlands-leader-may-well-backfire.

497     out of the so-called “right-wing” coalition Henley, “Why Geert Wilders’ Plan to Become Netherlands PM May Well Backfire,” www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jun/04/geert-wilders-plan-netherlands-leader-may-well-backfire.

497     “I signed up for the toughest asylum policy . . .” Geert Wilders quoted in Henley, “Why Geert Wilders’ Plan to Become Netherlands PM May Well Backfire,” www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jun/04/geert-wilders-plan-netherlands-leader-may-well-backfire.

497     “I intend to become the next prime minister” Wilders quoted in Henley, “Why Geert Wilders’ Plan to Become Netherlands PM May Well Backfire,” www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jun/04/geert-wilders-plan-netherlands-leader-may-well-backfire.

498     fabricated an invasion of Black and Brown immigrants to blame the Democratic Party Christian Paz, "The Clever Politics of Republicans’ Anti-Immigrant Pitch,” Vox, July 17, 2024, www.vox.com/2024-elections/361155/rnc-2024-republican-immigration-border-biden-policy-invasion-legal-gop; Azi Paybarah et al., “Republicans Flood TV with Misleading Ads About Immigration, Border,” Washington Post, August 18, 2024, www.washingtonpost.com/elections/interactive/2024/republican-campaign-ads-immigration-border-security/; and “Trump Blames ‘Extremist Open-Border Democrats’ for Persistent Immigration Issues,” CBS News, June 21, 2018, www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-holds-cabinet-meeting-while-lawmakers-consider-immigration-plan-live-stream/; Sahil Kapur and Kate Santaliz, “Senate Republicans Block Border Security Bill as They Campaign on Border Chaos,” NBC News, May 23, 2024, www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate-republicans-block-border-security-bill-campaign-border-chaos-rcna153607; and “2024 Republican Party Platform,” in Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara, July 8, 2024, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/2024-republican-party-platform.

498     “Stop the boats” to blame . . . for the boats Though the Conservatives had been in power since 2010, Farage said of immigration during the 2024 election, “Labour opened the door in a way that had never been seen in history. The Conservatives accelerated it. Frankly, right now, I cannot spot the difference between them.” “Nigel Farage: ‘People Who Say They Will Vote Labour Won’t—When They See I’m Here,’” Channel 4, June 3, 2024, www.channel4.com/news/nigel-farage-people-who-say-they-will-vote-labour-wont-when-they-see-im-here. See also Nigel Farage, “I Warned About Illegal Migration When It Was a Trickle—Years of Failure Have Turned It Into a flood,” The Telegraph, May 27, 2024, www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2024/05/27/nigel-farage-illegal-migration-channel-flood/; and Nigel Farage, X, June 25, 2024, 6:37 a.m., x.com/Nigel_Farage/status/1805550798018928789, archived at archive.today, February 10, 2026 capture, archive.ph/QADrl.

498     campaigned on “border security” Sahil Kapur, “Kamala Harris’ Tough-on-Migration Pitch at the Border Points to a Shifting National Mood,” NBC News, September 27, 2024, www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/kamala-harris-tough-migration-pitch-border-points-shifting-national-mo-rcna172850; Labour Party, “Strong Foundations,” June 13, 2024, accessed May 22, 2025, labour.org.uk/change/strong-foundations/; and CNN-News-18, “UK News Live | Rishi Sunak Present Its Manifesto Live | UK Election 2024 | UK News Today Live | N18L,” YouTube, June 11, 2024, www.youtube.com/live/7hv6ZA33pDA?si=Lmdlkwln1SHLg6ps, 29:05–29:15.

498     the “mirroring” . . . “on immigration backfired for . . .” Johannes Hillje, “Mirroring the Far Right on Immigration Backfired for Germany’s Political Centre,” The Guardian, opinion, February 28, 2025, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/feb/28/migration-german-election-political-centre.

498     their worst and second-worst result . . . since the Nazi age Hillje, “Mirroring the Far Right on Immigration Backfired for Germany’s Political Centre,” www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/feb/28/migration-german-election-political-centre.

498     the best result in its history Hillje, “Mirroring the Far Right on Immigration Backfired for Germany’s Political Centre,” www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/feb/28/migration-german-election-political-centre.

498     nearly doubling its vote share Kristin Zeier and Gianna-Carina Grün, “German Election Results Explained in Graphics,” Deutsche Welle (DW), February 27, 2025, www.dw.com/en/german-election-results-explained-in-graphics/a-71724186.

498     keep the AfD out of their ruling coalition Hillje, “Mirroring the Far Right on Immigration Backfired for Germany’s Political Centre,” www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/feb/28/migration-german-election-political-centre.

498     finished second “Information on Official and Final Results of the Presidential Election Verified on November 16, 2025,” Tribunal Calificador de Elecciones (Tricel), December 1, 2025, tribunalcalificador.cl/resultados-oficiales-presidentes-primera-vuelta-2025/, via Google Translate.

498     fourth- and fifth-place . . . endorsed him “Information on Official and Final Results of the Presidential Election Verified on November 16, 2025,” Tricel, tribunalcalificador.cl/resultados-oficiales-presidentes-primera-vuelta-2025/; and Tom Phillips, “Far-right candidate José Antonio Kast favourite to become Chile’s next president after first round vote,” Guardian, November 16, 2025, www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/17/far-right-candidate-jose-antonio-kast-favourite-to-become-chiles-next-president-after-first-round-vote.

498     won the runoff Kast won 58.16% of the vote and Jeannette Jara won 41.84% of the vote in the runoff. Tiago Rogero, “Ultra-conservative José Antonio Kast elected Chile’s next president,” Guardian, December 14, 2025, www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/15/jose-antonio-kast-wins-election-chile-president.

498     communist . . . “center-left” coalition candidate Le Monde with AFP, “Chile's presidential race heads to runoff between communist and hard-right candidates,” Le Monde, November 17, 2025, www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/11/17/chile-s-presidential-race-heads-to-runoff-between-communist-and-hard-right-candidates_6747514_4.html.

498-499 campaigned on border security “Jeannette Jara supports Boric's announcement on border control and proposes reinforcing it with the Armed Forces and biometric registration,” El Periodista, October 8, 2025, www.elperiodista.cl/2025/10/jeannette-jara-control-fronterizo-boric-colchane/, via Google Translate.

499     lost its majority in both houses . . . dating back to 1955 Euronews with AP, “Ishiba’s Coalition Loses Majority in Japan’s Upper House Election,” Euronews, July 21, 2025, www.euronews.com/2025/07/21/ishibas-coalition-loses-majority-in-japans-upper-house-election.

499     One reason: the rise of Sanseitō Rin Ushiyama, “Rightwing Populist Sanseitō Party Shakes Japan with Election Surge,” The Conversation, July 21, 2025, theconversation.com/rightwing-populist-sanseito-party-shakes-japan-with-election-surge-261303.

499     adopted the slogan “Japanese First” Shaimaa Khalil, “The Rise of Japan’s Far Right Was Supercharged by Trump—and Tourists,” BBC News, July 27, 2025, www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2k29233jeo.

499     secured three seats . . . just one seat  Khalil, “Rise of Japan’s Far Right Was Supercharged by Trump—and Tourists,” www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2k29233jeo; and Justin McCurry, “‘Japanese First’: The Mini-Trump on the Rise as Population Crisis Bites,” The Guardian, September 18, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/19/japanese-first-sohei-kamiya-sanseito-party-nationalist-mini-trump-population-crisis-bites/.

499     The anti-vaccine party had transformed itself into . . . “Although Sanseitō was initially known for its stance against the COVID-19 vaccine, it has more recently campaigned on an anti-foreigner and anti-immigration platform . . . .Throughout the most recent election campaign, [Sanseitō leader, Sōhei] Kamiya repeatedly spread far-right conspiracy theories and misinformation. This included arguing multinational corporations caused the pandemic, as well as that foreigners commit crimes en masse.” Ushiyama, “Rightwing Populist Sanseitō Party Shakes Japan with Election Surge,” theconversation.com/rightwing-populist-sanseito-party-shakes-japan-with-election-surge-261303. See also Khalil, “The Rise of Japan’s Far Right Was Supercharged by Trump—and Tourists,” www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2k29233jeo.

499     pushing . . . reminiscent of Trump’s Khalil, “The Rise of Japan’s Far Right Was Supercharged by Trump—and Tourists,” www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2k29233jeo.

499     culture and heritage were under attack “Sanseitō is ‘anti-globalist’, urging voters to feel proud of their ethnicity and culture.” Ushiyama, “Rightwing Populist Sanseitō Party Shakes Japan with Election Surge,” theconversation.com/rightwing-populist-sanseito-party-shakes-japan-with-election-surge-261303. See also Libby Hogan, “Far-right Sanseito Party Wins Shock Electoral Gains in Japan on Anti-Foreigner Platform,” Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) News, July 23, 2025, www.abc.net.au/news/2025-07-23/japan-fringe-sanseito-party-shocks-election-anti-foreigner/105558880.

499     unveiled . . . to the “Revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians” motto Saki Toi, “Sanseitō’s ‘New’ Constitution Would Bring Back Japan’s Imperial Era,” Unseen Japan, July 25, 2025, unseen-japan.com/sanseito-new-constitution/.

499     allied with Nazi Germany “Axis Powers in World War II,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, April 22, 2022, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/axis-powers-in-world-war-ii.

499     make no qualms about their party taking after . . . Ushiyama, “Rightwing Populist Sanseitō Party Shakes Japan with Election Surge,” theconversation.com/rightwing-populist-sanseito-party-shakes-japan-with-election-surge-261303.

499     had risen to 25 percent, higher than . . . YouGov, X, February 3, 2025, 2:11 p.m., x.com/YouGov/status/1886492760271667611.

499     the first time that Reform UK had led . . . News Agencies, “Nigel Farage’s Right-Wing Reform Party Leads in UK Poll for First Time,” Al Jazeera, February 3, 2025, www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/3/nigel-farages-right-wing-reform-party-leads-in-uk-poll-for-first-time.

499     “. . . Reform as their primary threat” Eleni Courea, “Now Farage Not Starmer Is Feeding Public’s Appetite for Change,” The Guardian, May 3, 2025, www.theguardian.com/politics/2025/may/03/now-nigel-farage-not-keir-starmer-is-feeding-publics-appetite-for-change.

499     Farage’s Reform UK (27 percent) had increased . . . YouGov, “Voting Intention: YouGov Survey Results,” November 3, 2025, updated November 4, 2025, https://d3nkl3psvxxpe9.cloudfront.net/documents/VotingIntention_MRP_Results_251103_w.pdf, 1. The most current polling can be found at YouGov, “Voting Intention,” yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/explore/issue/Voting_Intention.

499     most . . . view Brexit as a disaster “Just three in ten Britons (30%) now say that it was right for the UK to vote to leave the EU, compared to 55% who say it was wrong for the country to vote for Brexit in 2016. This is the lowest proportion of the public saying that Britain was right to vote to leave since YouGov began asking this question in the aftermath of the referendum.” Dylan Difford, “How Do Britons Feel About Brexit Five Years On?” YouGov, January 29, 2025, yougov.co.uk/politics/articles/51484-how-do-britons-feel-about-brexit-five-years-on.

499     many . . . don’t blame him for it Among people who have switched their support from Labour to Reform UK, “39% said they believed Brexit had made the country worse—but by and large they did not blame Farage for it. Instead, 30% blamed the Conservative party and 29% blamed Boris Johnson. Only 11% said it was Farage’s fault.” Courea, “Now Farage Not Starmer Is Feeding Public’s Appetite for Change,” www.theguardian.com/politics/2025/may/03/now-nigel-farage-not-keir-starmer-is-feeding-publics-appetite-for-change.

500     gain more electorally from raging against the EU than . . . The authors “posit that far-right parties enjoy an electoral advantage that is specific to the issue of European integration. The European Union (EU) has become a source of social division, creating a vast untapped electoral potential among the pool of Eurosceptic voters. Whereas immigration has already become politicized in West European party systems, the fact that far-right parties do not face serious competition over their position on EU integration creates strong expected electoral gains when the issue is salient among the voters.” Sofia Vasilopoulou and Roi Zur, “Electoral Competition, the EU Issue, and Far-right Success in Western Europe,” Political Behavior 46, no. 1 (2024), link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11109-022-09841-y, 566, 567, 572, 573.

500     “. . . the highest form of political activity” Ian Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2008), 96. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/500873821?oclcNum=500873821.

500     “Politics is a form of conflict . . .” Christopher F. Rufo, Twitter, June 18, 2022, 2:50 p.m., x.com/realchrisrufo/status/1538232677459009537, archived at archive.today, February 10, 2026 capture, archive.ph/wip/cvA3i.

500     “the poor have been fooled . . .” Emphasis Camus’s. Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 17. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

500     “the most relevant case is education” Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 18. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

500     opposed “providing college education . . .” Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 18. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

500     “‘Such numbers? What numbers?’ . . .” Emphasis Camus’s. Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 24. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

500     “to which I could only answer . . .” Camus, You Will Not Replace U!s, 24. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

500     did not “believe it is for science and scientists to assess . . ." Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 24. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

500     “what you think is happening” Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 26. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

500     “trust your eyes” . . . “heart” . . . “listen to your pain” Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 26. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

500     “What drives an ideological movement” is “not a matter of . . .” Joseph Goebbels, speech to National Socialist Party rally, August 1927, quoted in Peter Longerich, Goebbels: A Biography (New York: Random House, 2015), 79. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/869262446?oclcNum=869262446.

500     “first antisemitic pamphlets” Hitler, Mein Kampf, archive.org/details/mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-ralph-manheim-translation/page/56/mode/2up, 56.

500     “relapsed” . . . “for weeks at a time, once even for months” Hitler, Mein Kampf, archive.org/details/mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-ralph-manheim-translation/page/56/mode/2up, 56.

500–501 “so monstrous, the accusations . . .” Hitler, Mein Kampf, archive.org/details/mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-ralph-manheim-translation/page/56/mode/2up, 56.

501      “imaginative” . . .“new names” . . . “old habits” Imani Perry, Black in Blues: How a Color Tells the Story of My People (New York: Ecco, 2025), 132. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1474965597.

501      Praising Hitler today Chandelis Duster and Catherine Valentine, “Trump Allegedly Praised Hitler as Doing ‘A Lot of Good Things,’ New Book Claims,” CNN, July 7, 2021, www.cnn.com/2021/07/07/politics/donald-trump-adolf-hitler-book-claims; and Martin Smith, “Fascists Openly Praise Hitler in Budapest,” Searchlight Magazine, May 16, 2024, searchlightmagazine.com/2024/05/fascists-openly-praise-hitler-in-budapest/.

501      “blood and soil” today Meg Wagner, “‘Blood and soil’: Protesters Chant Nazi Slogan in Charlottesville,” CNN, August 12, 2017, edition.cnn.com/2017/08/12/us/charlottesville-unite-the-right-rally/index.html; and David Lawrence, “From Climate Denial to Blood and Soil,” HOPE not hate, accessed May 19, 2025, hopenothate.org.uk/from-climate-denial-to-blood-and-soil.

501      “international Jewry” today On National Action’s use of this phrase, see Jessica Elgot, “Neo-Nazi Group National Action Banned by UK Home Secretary,” The Guardian, December 12, 2016, www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/12/neo-nazi-group-national-action-banned-by-uk-home-secretary.

502     “When you have been caught . . .” Ernst Gombric quoted in Herf, The Jewish Enemy, 271. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/ko/title/The-Jewish-enemy-:-Nazi-propaganda-during-World-War-II-and-the-Holocaust/oclc/62128067.

502     ultimately rattles all links In the words of Martin Luther King Jr., “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.” King Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963, from the Papers of Dr. George Bagley, Special Collection, Samford University Library, library.samford.edu/special/treasures/2013/graphics/SC4630wm.pdf, 2.

502     gain from equitable and just policies alongside . . . See Heather McGhee’s concept of a “Solidarity Dividence,” in The Sum of Us: What Racism Costs Everyone and How We Can Prosper Together (New York: One World, 2021), xxii, 63, 111, 128, 136, 158, 162, 163, 184, 209, 216–217, 255–289. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1281138006.

503      From poverty Hitler biographer Ian Kershaw writes, “Hitler was to describe his life in Vienna as one of hardship and misery, hunger and poverty. This was notably economical with the truth as regards the months he spent in Stumpergasse in 1908 (though it was accurate enough as a portrayal of his condition in the autumn and winter of 1909–10).” During those months, “Hitler did learn the meaning of poverty . . . All his savings had now vanished . . .During the wet and cold autumn of 1909 he lived rough, sleeping in the open, as long as the weather held, probably in cheap lodgings when conditions forced him indoors.” Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography, 24, 29–30. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/500873821?oclcNum=500873821.

503      From isolation Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography, 21–22, 24, 26, 35. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/500873821?oclcNum=500873821.

503      From his rejection . . . prestigious artistic program Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography, 14–15, 18–20, 26. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/500873821?oclcNum=500873821.

503      petty paintings for petty cash Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography, 31, 32, 33–34. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/500873821?oclcNum=500873821.

503      Powerful German-speaking Austrians hoarded. . . Though the worker-driven “suffrage reforms that culminated in 1907 . . . empowered mass movements at the expense of the landed aristocracy,” “those aristocrats still exercised considerable influence in the crownland diets and municipalities.” The German-speaking bourgeoisie and aristocracy still held the reins of power after 1907, but they recognized their control was slipping. Judson, The Habsburg Empire, 370–376, 382–384. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/945736098.

503      “repelled” Hitler, Mein Kampf, archive.org/details/mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-ralph-manheim-translation/page/122/mode/2up, 123.

503      “this whole mixture of Czechs, Poles . . .” Hitler, Mein Kampf, archive.org/details/mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-ralph-manheim-translation/page/122/mode/2up, 123.

503      about 9 percent In 1910, 175,318 of the 2,031,000 inhabitants (8.6%) of Vienna were Jewish. Pauley, From Prejudice to Persecution, 23; and City of Vienna, “Growth of the City—History of Vienna,” accessed May 20, 2025, www.wien.gv.at/english/history/overview/growth.html. Find From Prejudice to Persecution, the library book, at search.worldcat.org/title/45730734.

503      Not far off from the percentage of immigrants of color In most, though certainly not all, cases, the proportion of Vienna’s Jewish population (about 9 percent) back in Hitler’s day is single digits away from the percentages of immigrants of color today. Looking at the featured countries where great replacement politicians focus their rhetoric on migrants: 13.6% of the population of France is foreign-born; 7.1% of the population of Hungary is foreign-born; 16.8% of the population of England and Wales is foreign-born; 16.2% of the population of the Netherlands is foreign-born; 20.2% of the population of Germany is foreign-born; 11.3% of the population of Italy is foreign-born; and 14.3% of the U.S. population is foreign-born. These numbers include White immigrants. See “Foreign-born Population by Group of Country of Birth, 1 January 2024,” in Eurostat, “EU Population Diversity by Citizenship and Country of Birth,” February 2025, accessed May 20, 2025, ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=EU_population_diversity_by_citizenship_and_country_of_birth; David Milliken, “England and Wales’s foreign-Born Population Rises by 2.5 Million in a Decade,” Reuters, November 2, 2022, www.reuters.com/world/uk/england-waless-foreign-born-population-rises-by-25-million-decade-2022-11-02/; and Stephanie Kramer and Jeffrey S. Passel, “What the Data Says About Immigrants in the U.S.,” Pew Research Center, August 21, 2025, www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/08/21/key-findings-about-us-immigrants/.

503      “The longer I lived in this city” . . . “the more my hatred grew . . .” Hitler, Mein Kampf, archive.org/details/mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-ralph-manheim-translation/page/122/mode/2up, 123.

504     “enemies were in his eyes like . . .” Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography, 701. Find the library book at earch.worldcat.org/title/500873821?oclcNum=500873821.

504     “But his profound contempt . . .” Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography, 701. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/500873821?oclcNum=500873821.

504     “ridicule” . . . and “dismiss” . . . and “deride certain rites and doctrines . . .” McKay Coppins, “Trump Secretly Mocks His Christian Supporters,” The Atlantic, September 29, 2020, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/09/trump-secretly-mocks-his-christian-supporters/616522/.

504     “I don’t have to shake hands . . .” Olivia Troye, an advisor to Vice President Mike Pence and Pence’s lead staffer on Trump’s COVID task force, recalled, “When we were in a task force meeting, the president said, ‘Maybe this COVID thing is a good thing. I don’t like shaking hands with people. I don’t have to shake hands with these disgusting people.’ Those ‘disgusting people’ are the same people that he claims to care about.” “Republican Voters Against Trump: Pence Staffer Calls Out Trump, Endorses Biden | Campaign 2020,” Washington Post, September 17, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/video/politics/campaign-ads-2020/republican-voters-against-trump-pence-staffer-calls-out-trump-endorses-biden--campaign-2020/2020/09/17/1f3b7e6c-583e-4cbe-bafa-9f4325fd9f64_video.html, 0:52–1:04.

504     White Democrats Matt Viser and Seung Min Kim, “For Trump, Even Disaster Response Is Colored in Red and Blue,” Washington Post, November 13, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/president-trump-again-blames-california-for-a-natural-disaster-adding-to-his-public-denunciations-of-the-strongly-democratic-state/2018/11/12/811626de-e6ab-11e8-bbdb-72fdbf9d4fed_story.html; Nicole Narea, “A Familiar Trump Attack Forces Democrats to Make an Uncomfortable Choice,” Vox, May 6, 2025, www.vox.com/trump-administration/411668/trump-sanctuary-cities-executive-order-court-democrats; and Kimberlee Kruesi, “20 Democratic Attorneys General Sue Trump Administration over Conditions Placed on Federal Funds,” AP News, May 13, 2025, apnews.com/article/trump-immigration-funding-conditions-17074b99b8d3f327a17652f90379a90c.

504     White Jews Aaron Blake, “Trump’s Long History of Trafficking in Antisemitic Tropes,” Washington Post, October 17, 2022, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/10/17/trump-history-antisemitic-tropes/; Peter Smith and Tiffany Stanley, “US Jews Upset with Trump’s Latest Rhetoric Say He Doesn’t Get to Tell Them How to be Jewish,” AP News, March 25, 2024, apnews.com/article/trump-jewish-voters-democrats-antisemitism-a43bf6f6266d9c6a4b761b82281aa512; Naftali Bendavid, “Many Jews Say Trump Is Politicizing the Fight Against Antisemitism,” Washington Post, April 25, 2025, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/04/25/antisemitism-trump-jews-israel/; and Peter Baker, “Denouncing Antisemitism, Trump Also Fans Its Flames,” New York Times, June 3, 2025, www.nytimes.com/2025/06/03/us/politics/trump-antisemitism.html.

504     White queer people Adam Edelman, “Trump Bans Transgender People Serving in the Military,” NBC News, July 26, 2017, www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-announces-ban-transgender-people-serving-military-n786621; Tim Fitzsimons, “Trump Opposes Federal LGBTQ Nondiscrimination Bill, Citing ‘Poison Pills,’” NBC News, May 14, 2019, www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/trump-opposes-federal-lgbtq-nondiscrimination-bill-citing-poison-pills-n1005551; and American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), “Trump on LGBTQ Rights,” accessed May 20, 2025, www.aclu.org/trump-on-lgbtq-rights.

504     White workers Celine McNicholas et al., “50 Reasons the Trump Administration Is Bad for Workers,” Economic Policy Institute (EPI), September 16, 2020, www.epi.org/publication/50-reasons/; and Celine McNicholas et al., "100 Ways Trump Has Hurt Workers in His First 100 Days,” EPI, April 25, 2025, www.epi.org/publication/100-days-100-ways-trump-hurt-workers/.

504     White federal workers Elena Shao and Ashley Wu, “The Federal Work Force Cuts So Far, Agency by Agency,” New York Times, updated May 12, 2025, accessed May 20, 2025, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/03/28/us/politics/trump-doge-federal-job-cuts.html.

504     White seniors Nicole Rapfogel, “The Trump Administration Treats Seniors as Expendable,” Center for American Progress (CAP), October 29, 2020, www.americanprogress.org/article/trump-administration-treats-seniors-expendable/; and Trevor Jennewine, “Trump’s Plan to Eliminate Social Security Taxes: What It Means for Retirees,” USA Today, May 13, 2025, www.usatoday.com/story/money/personalfinance/retirement/2025/05/13/trump-eliminate-social-security-taxes/83594521007/.

504     White children Erin Robinson and Katie Hamm, “5 Ways the Trump Administration’s Policies Have Harmed Children,” CAP, October 20, 2020, www.americanprogress.org/article/5-ways-trump-administrations-policies-harmed-children/; and Eli Hager, “The Trump Administration’s War on Children,” ProPublica, April 23, 2025, www.propublica.org/article/how-trump-budget-cuts-harm-kids-child-care-education-abuse.

504     White Europeans Angela Barnes and AP, “'Major Economic Blow': EU and World Leaders React to Trump’s Tariffs,” Euronews, April 3, 2025, www.euronews.com/business/2025/04/03/ursula-von-der-leyen-says-trumps-tariffs-are-major-blow-to-world-economy; and Phillip Inman, “Eurozone Growth Forecasts Cut Amid Uncertainty over Trump Trade War,” The Guardian, May 19, 2025, www.theguardian.com/business/2025/may/19/eurozone-growth-forecasts-cut-amid-uncertainty-over-trump-trade-war-tariffs.

504     “A RINO may be . . .” Donald J. Trump, “Live: President Donald Trump in Bullhead City, AZ,” YouTube, October 28, 2020, www.youtube.com/live/H2xvE-tDd7U?si=zg8Cdv9CDj6OnL6Q, 27:06–27:09.

504     base of White male rural supporters Seventy-two percent of rural White men voted for Trump in 2016. Exit polls indicate that Trump won rural voters by twenty-seven percentage points in 2016, fifteen percentage points in 2020, and thirty percentage points in 2024. See Rich Morin, “Behind Trump’s Win in Rural White America: Women Joined Men in Backing Him,” Pew Research Center, November 17, 2016, www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/11/17/behind-trumps-win-in-rural-white-america-women-joined-men-in-backing-him/; and Zachary B. Wolf et al., “Anatomy of Three Trump Elections: How Americans Shifted in 2024 vs. 2020 and 2016,” CNN, last updated December 13, 2024, accessed May 21, 2025, www.cnn.com/interactive/2024/politics/2020-2016-exit-polls-2024-dg/.

504     second-highest suicide rate The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports, “Suicide rates increase as population density decreases and an area becomes more rural . . . Suicide rates in rural (non-metro) areas are highest among non-Hispanic AI/AN males (61.8 per 100,000) and non-Hispanic White males (36.8 per 100,0003).” CDC, “Health Disparities in Suicide,” January 30, 2025, accessed May 21, 2025, www.cdc.gov/suicide/disparities/index.html.

504     “Trump Is a Health Hazard to His Supporters” See Jonathan Metzl, “Trump Is a Health Hazard to His Supporters,” VICE, March 6, 2019, www.vice.com/en/article/how-trump-supporters-are-dangers-to-themselves/.

504     At least twenty-eight women Andrea González-Ramírez, “Trump Accused of Sexual Misconduct for the 28th Time,” The Cut, October 30, 2024, www.thecut.com/article/new-trump-allegation-stacey-williams.html.

504     swindled out of money Steve Reilly, “USA Today Exclusive: Hundreds Allege Donald Trump Doesn’t Pay His Bills,” USA Today, June 9, 2016, www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2016/06/09/donald-trump-unpaid-bills-republican-president-laswuits/85297274/; and Ulrich Boser et al., “Trump University: A Look at an Enduring Education Scandal,” CAP, March 30, 2017, www.americanprogress.org/article/trump-university-look-enduring-education-scandal/.

504     agreed to pay a $25 million settlement Tom Winter and Dartunorro Clark, “Federal Court Approves $25 million Trump University Settlement,” NBC News, February 6, 2018, www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/federal-court-approves-25-million-trump-university-settlement-n845181.

504     firing . . . who voted for him Nicquel Terry Ellis, “They Voted for Trump in 2024: Months Later, His Administration Fired Them,” CNN, March 8, 2025, www.cnn.com/2025/03/08/us/fired-federal-workers-trump-voters/index.html.

504     cutting billions . . . that helped his base See “Here’s What Trump’s Budget Proposal Cuts by Agency,” Washington Post, updated May 2, 2025, accessed May 21, 2025, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2025/trump-budget-proposal-cuts/; and Joe Belden, “Analysis: Trump 2026 Budget Slashes Rural Housing and Other Programs,” Daily Yonder, May 6, 2025, dailyyonder.com/analysis-trump-2026-budget-slashes-rural-housing-and-other-programs/2025/05/06/.

504     instigated an assault The final report of the House January 6 committee summarized, “Based on false allegations that the election was stolen, Donald Trump summoned tens of thousands of supporters to Washington for January 6th. Although these supporters were angry and some were armed, Donald Trump instructed them to march to the Capitol on January 6th to ‘take back’ their country . . . Knowing that a violent attack on the Capitol was underway and knowing that his words would incite further violence, Donald Trump purposely sent a social media message publicly condemning Vice President Pence at 2:24 p.m. on January 6th . . . Knowing that violence was underway at the Capitol, and despite his duty to ensure that the laws are faithfully executed, Donald Trump refused repeated requests over a multiple hour period that he instruct his violent supporters to disperse and leave the Capitol, and instead watched the violent attack unfold on television. This failure to act perpetuated the violence at the Capitol and obstructed Congress’s proceeding to count electoral votes.” The committee concluded, “The central cause of January 6th was one man, former President Donald Trump, whom many others followed. None of the events of January 6th would have happened without him.” U.S. Congress, House, Select Committee to Investigate the January 6^th Attack on the United States Capitol, 117^th Cong., 2d sess., H. Rep. 117-663, www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/pdf/GPO-J6-REPORT.pdf, 5, 8.

505      impeached Trump (for the second time) Bill Chappell, “House Impeaches Trump a 2nd Time, Citing Insurrection Aat U.S. Capitol,” NPR, January 13, 2021, www.npr.org/sections/trump-impeachment-effort-live-updates/2021/01/13/956449072/house-impeaches-trump-a-2nd-time-citing-insurrection-at-u-s-capitol.

505      fell ten votes shy . . . would have enabled a permanent ban . . . “Trump Impeachment: Senate Falls Short of Majority Needed to Convict,” BBC News, February 14, 2021, www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56056310.

505      charged with ninety-one felonies across four . . . Ben Protess et al., “After a Year of Legal Peril, Trump Seeks Election as a Felon, but Free,” New York Times, September 8, 2024, www.nytimes.com/2024/09/08/nyregion/trump-election-felon-sentence-delay.html.

505      sentence him to no jail time, dismiss the charges . . . Protess et al., “After a Year of Legal Peril, Trump Seeks Election as a Felon, but Free,” www.nytimes.com/2024/09/08/nyregion/trump-election-felon-sentence-delay.html; and “Highlights: Judge Sentences Trump to 'Unconditional Discharge' in Hush Money Case,” NBC News, January 10, 2025, www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/live-blog/trump-sentencing-judge-juan-merchan-live-updates-rcna186199.

505      occurred . . . in Munich Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography, 127–131; and “Beer Hall Putsch (Munich Putsch),” Holocaust Encyclopedia, November 3, 2023, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/beer-hall-putsch-munich-putsch. Find Kershaw’s biography, the library book, at search.worldcat.org/title/500873821?oclcNum=500873821.

505      the city he moved to . . . from Vienna Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography, 45–46. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/500873821?oclcNum=500873821.

505      received a light sentence Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography, 135–136; and “Beer Hall Putsch (Munich Putsch),” Holocaust Encyclopedia, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/beer-hall-putsch-munich-putsch. Find Kershaw’s biography, the library book, at search.worldcat.org/title/500873821?oclcNum=500873821.

505      barred . . . from deporting . . . “a man who thinks and feels as German” Court statement quoted in Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography, 135. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/500873821?oclcNum=500873821.

505      prison time writing Mein Kampf Hitler began writing Mein Kampf by May 1924 and was released from prison in December. Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography, 146–147, 144. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/500873821?oclcNum=500873821.

505      “. . . the Jew was no German” Hitler, Mein Kampf, archive.org/details/mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-ralph-manheim-translation/page/61/mode/2up, 61.

505      “activity” . . . “must ultimately result . . .” Hitler, Mein Kampf, archive.org/details/mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-ralph-manheim-translation/page/62/mode/2up, 63–64.

505      banned Hitler’s Nazi Party, but only . . . Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography, 132; and “Beer Hall Putsch (Munich Putsch),” Holocaust Encyclopedia, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/beer-hall-putsch-munich-putsch. Find Kershaw’s biography, the library book, at search.worldcat.org/title/500873821?oclcNum=500873821.

505      remains the most “effective” tactic “to minimize . . .” Cas Mudde, The Far Right Today (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2019), 143. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1083715030.

505      outlawed more than fifty political parties Angela Bourne, a professor of European Politics, writes, “In a study I conducted with Fernando Casal Bértoa mapping variation in party ban practices, we found that 20 out of the 37 European democracies we studied banned over 50 parties between 1945 and 2015.” Angela Bourne, “Party Bans and Populism in Europe,” Verfassungsblog, March 27, 2024, verfassungsblog.de/party-bans-and-populism-in-europe/.

505      prohibited Bolsonaro from running . . . 2030  Robert Plummer, “Eight-Year Election Ban for Brazil’s Jair Bolsonaro,” BBC News, June 30, 2023, www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-66070923.

505–506 sentenced Bolsonaro to twenty-seven years Ione Wells and Vanessa Buschschlüter, “Bolsonaro Sentenced to 27 Years in Prison for Plotting Brazil Coup,” BBC News, September 11, 2025, www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8xrqxk9p4xo.

506     work on an amnesty bill, prompting demonstrations Gabriela Sá Pessoa, “Brazilians Protest Against a Bill That Could Lead to a Pardon for Bolsonaro and Allies,” AP News, September 22, 2025, apnews.com/article/brazil-protest-demonstration-bolsonaro-amnesty-d4ce20e61caaafc31990367c9c96c56c.

506     charged with coercion Mônica Bergamo, “Brazil’s Office of the Prosecutor General Charges Politician Eduardo Bolsonaro and Commentator Paulo Figueiredo with Coercion Against the Supreme Court,” Folha de S. Paulo, September 22, 2025, www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2025/09/brazils-office-of-the-prosecutor-general-charges-politician-eduardo-bolsonaro-and-commentator-paulo-figueiredo-with-coercion-against-the-supreme-court.shtml.

506     Having fled to Florida Eléonore Hughes, “Lawmaker Son of Brazil’s Bolsonaro Announces Relocation to the US as Father Faces Legal Woes,” AP News, March 18, 2025, apnews.com/article/brazil-bolsonaro-trial-us-son-386ccf9203558c9c631ec98cbf289d6e.

506     accused of lobbying the U.S. government . . . Bergamo, “Brazil’s Office of the Prosecutor General Charges Politician Eduardo Bolsonaro and Commentator Paulo Figueiredo with Coercion Against the Supreme Court,” www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2025/09/brazils-office-of-the-prosecutor-general-charges-politician-eduardo-bolsonaro-and-commentator-paulo-figueiredo-with-coercion-against-the-supreme-court.shtml.

506     impose 50 percent tariffs . . . pointing to Bolsonaro’s prosecution Donald J. Trump, “Addressing Threats to the United States by the Government of Brazil,” The White House, July 30, 2025, www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/07/addressing-threats-to-the-us/; and Josh Boak, “Trump Signs Order to Justify 50% Tariffs on Brazil,” AP News, July 30, 2025, apnews.com/article/trump-brazil-tariffs-bolsonaro-lula-trade-imbalance-de4cf0669b00a76149e8f39f200af502.

506     convicted Marine Le Pen and two dozen . . . €2.9 million . . . Tamsin Paternoster and Sophia Khatsenkova, “Marine Le Pen Barred from Running for Office with Immediate Effect in Paris Embezzlement Trial,” Euronews, March 31, 2025, www.euronews.com/2025/03/31/verdict-imminent-for-marine-le-pen-in-high-stakes-embezzlement-trial; and Cole Stangler, “The Meaning of Marine Le Pen’s Conviction,” Time, April 1, 2025, time.com/7273307/france-le-pen-conviction/.

506     The judge sentenced Le Pen . . . Joseph Ataman et al., “Far-Right Leader Marine Le Pen banned from 2027 Presidential Race, Throwing French Politics into Disarray, “CNN, March 31, 2025, www.cnn.com/2025/03/31/europe/marine-le-pen-embezzlement-trial-verdict-france-intl/index.html.

506     has appealed Juliette Jabkhiro, “France Court to Hear Le Pen Appeal Against Political Ban in January,” Reuters, September 8, 2025, www.reuters.com/world/europe/france-court-hear-le-pen-appeal-against-political-ban-january-2025-09-08/.

506     her father died Abel Mestre, “Jean-Marie Le Pen, Who Put the Far Right Back at the Heart of French Politics, Has Died,” Le Monde, January 7, 2025, www.lemonde.fr/en/obituaries/article/2025/01/07/jean-marie-le-pen-who-put-the-far-right-back-at-the-heart-of-french-politics-has-died_6736787_15.html.

506     “immense patriot” Sébastien Chenu quoted in Catherine Porter and Aurelien Breeden, “In Death, Jean-Marie Le Pen of France Is Embraced by Far-Right Party He Once Led,” New York Times, January 8, 2025, www.nytimes.com/2025/01/08/world/europe/france-le-pen-death-national-rally.html; and Sébastien Chenu, X, January 7, 2025, 7:26AM, x.com/sebchenu/status/1876606363444588866, archived at archive.today, January 7, 2025 capture, archive.ph/6i2JF.

506     “will remain the one who . . .” Rassemblement National, X, January 7, 2025, 7:48 a.m., x.com/RNational_off/status/1876611798209638621, archived at archive.today, February 10, 2026 capture, archive.ph/wip/d7WJB.

507     provide the milieu for transforming minds See Sarah Stein Lubrano, Don’t Talk About Politics: How to Change 21st-Century Minds (New York: Bloomsbury, 2025). Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/es/title/1517977396.

507     lifted the ban Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography, 161–164. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/500873821?oclcNum=500873821.

507     the deadliest war in human history William Noah Glucroft, “On Victory Day, Past and Present Collide in Berlin,” DW, May 9, 2022, www.dw.com/en/on-victory-day-past-and-present-collide-in-berlin/a-61737696.

508     with dictators from the United States, Russia, and China Edward Wong, “Trump’s Vision: One World, Three Powers?” New York Times, May 26, 2025, www.nytimes.com/2025/05/26/us/politics/trump-russia-china.html.

508     52 percent . . . “dangerous dictator” “Interviews were conducted online between February 28th–March 20th, 2025.” “Democracy at a Crossroads: How Americans View Trump’s First 100 Days in Office,” Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI), April 23, 2025, prri.org/research/democracy-at-a-crossroads-how-americans-view-trumps-first-100-days-in-office.

508     projected an eleven-seat loss Claire Moses, “Far-Right Party Suffers Big Losses in Dutch Election as Centrists Surge,” New York Times, October 29, 2025, www.nytimes.com/2025/10/30/world/europe/dutch-elections-geert-wilders-rob-jetten.html.

508     lost his seat in parliament Rob Gillies, “Carney Wins Canadian Election, While Conservative Leader Loses His Seat in Parliament,” AP News, April 29, 2025, apnews.com/article/canada-election-trump-carney-poilievre-861f5b00794355b231ee3f218568949b.

508     connected him . . . to Trump Gillies, “Carney Wins Canadian Election, While Conservative Leader Loses His Seat in Parliament,” apnews.com/article/canada-election-trump-carney-poilievre-861f5b00794355b231ee3f218568949b.

508     bewildered over Trump’s tariffs Michael E. Miller, “Trump Ties Become Liability for Australia’s Conservative Party Leader,” Washington Post, April 15, 2025, www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/04/15/trump-tariffs-australia-election-dutton; and E.J. Dionne Jr., “Trump Boomerang Sinks Australia’s Right Wing,” Washington Post, opinion, May 3, 2025, www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/05/03/australia-election-labor-boomerang-albanese/.

508     “Make Australia Great Again” campaign a shocking defeat Miller, “Trump Ties Become Liability for Australia’s Conservative Party Leader,” www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/04/15/trump-tariffs-australia-election-dutton; and Dionne Jr., “Trump Boomerang Sinks Australia’s Right Wing,” Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/05/03/australia-election-labor-boomerang-albanese/.

509     highest percentage of Americans on record—79 percent Lydia Saad, “Surge in U.S. Concern About Immigration Has Abated,” Gallup, July 11, 2025, news.gallup.com/poll/692522/surge-concern-immigration-abated.aspx/.

509     “immigration is a good thing . . .” Saad, “Surge in U.S. Concern About Immigration Has Abated,” news.gallup.com/poll/692522/surge-concern-immigration-abated.aspx/.

509     Trump’s ferocious . . . “remigration” roundups U.S. Department of Homeland Security, November 28, 2025, 11:38 a.m., x.com/DHSgov/status/1994445836915253664?s=20, archived at archive.today, November 28, 2025 capture, archive.ph/L1PzK. Additionally, polling found that “support is also lower today for deporting all undocumented immigrants, with 38% now favoring this as the administration is attempting it, down from 47% last year when it was a Trump campaign promise. However, it should be noted that last year’s support for deportation was uniquely high. Today’s level matches where it stood in 2019 (at 37%) and is slightly higher than when first measured in 2016 (32%).” Saad, “Surge in U.S. Concern About Immigration Has Abated,” news.gallup.com/poll/692522/surge-concern-immigration-abated.aspx/.

509     only 30 percent . . . should be reduced, after 55 percent . . . in 2024 Saad, “Surge in U.S. Concern About Immigration Has Abated,” news.gallup.com/poll/692522/surge-concern-immigration-abated.aspx/.

509     where 20 percent . . . are foreign born but Fintan O’Toole, “A Far-Right Rabble Won’t Overthrow Ireland’s Democracy—but We Shouldn’t Be Complacent,” The Guardian, September 25, 2023, www.theguardian.com/global/commentisfree/2023/sep/25/far-right-ireland-parliament.

509     that so far has failed to seize power Ashifa Kassam, “Vox Party’s Hardline Attitudes Appear to Have Turned Off Spanish Voters,” The Guardian, July 24, 2023, www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/24/vox-partys-hardline-attitudes-appear-to-have-turned-off-spanish-voters.

509     gigantic demonstrations erupting in Budapest Euronews with AP, “Thousands Protest in Hungary Against Viktor Orbán’s Government,” Euronews, April 7, 2024, www.euronews.com/2024/04/07/thousands-protest-in-hungary-against-viktor-orbans-government; Krisztina Than, “Hungary’s Opposition Rallies as Orban Pledges Crackdown on Media, NGOs,” Reuters, March 15, 2025, www.reuters.com/world/europe/hungarys-orban-vows-fast-crackdown-media-ngos-over-foreign-funding-2025-03-15/; Jean-Baptiste Chastand, “Thousands Protest in Hungary Against Orban’s ‘Foreign Agent’ Bill,” Le Monde, May 19, 2025, www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/05/19/thousands-protest-in-hungary-against-orban-s-foreign-agent-bill_6741424_4.html; AP, “Hungarians Declare Resistance to Orbán's Government with a Large Protest,” NPR, June 11, 2025, www.npr.org/2025/06/11/nx-s1-5430267/hungary-viktor-orban-lgbtq-protest; and Justin Spike, “Around 100,000 March in Budapest Pride in Open Defiance of Hungary’s Ban,” AP News, June 28, 2025, apnews.com/article/budapest-pride-march-defies-ban-orban-hungary-6919758b70c812bfe95dddb589e44132.