OSLO BOMBING & UTØYA SHOOTING
Citations:
- “Anders Behring Breivik: the indictment,” Guardian
, April 16, 2012,
www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/16/anders-behring-breivik-indictment - AFP, “Witnesses recall killer’s ruse to get to Utøya,” The Local.no
, May 3, 2012,
www.thelocal.no/20120503/witnesses-describe-breiviks-ruse-to-get-to-utoeya - “Breivik describes hunting down panicked teens,” CBS News
, April 20, 2012,
www.cbsnews.com/news/breivik-describes-hunting-down-panicked-teens/ - Raf Sanchez, “Norway killings: Anders Behring Breivik warns of ‘more cells,’” Telegraph
, July 25, 2011,
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8659503/Norway-killings-Anders-Behring-Breivik-warns-of-more-cells.html - AP, “Anders Breivik details Norway massacre plans, cites Al-Qaeda inspiration,” Washington Post
, April 20, 2012,
wapo.st/3T7tLA2 - “The terror attack: Experience and reactions among Utøya survivors,” Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies
, accessed July 11, 2025,
www.nkvts.no/english/project/the-terror-attack-experience-and-reactions-among-utoya-survivors/ - Jonathan Williamson, “A decade has passed since the horrific July 22 terrorist attacks in Norway. May we never forget,” Norway Today
, July 21, 2021,
norwaytoday.info/news/a-decade-has-passed-since-the-horrific-july-22-terrorist-attacks-in-norway-may-we-never-forget/ - “Norway victims show diversity suspect despised,” CBS News
, July 26, 2011,
www.cbsnews.com/news/norway-victims-show-diversity-suspect-despised - Felice Blake, “Opinion: Black in Norway,” Al Jazeera
, August 31, 2011,
www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/8/31/black-in-norway - Cora Engelbrecht and Henrik Pryser Libell, “Anders Behring Breivik, Killer in 2011 Norway Massacre, Is Denied Parole,” New York Times
, February 1, 2022,
www.nytimes.com/2022/02/01/world/europe/anders-behring-breivik-norway-parole.html - Anders Breivik, “2083: A European Declaration of Independence,” manifesto, July 22, 2011
CHARLESTON CHURCH SHOOTING
Citations:
- Rachel Kaadzi Ghansah, “A Most American Terrorist: The Making of Dylann Roof,” GQ
, August 21, 2017,
www.gq.com/story/dylann-roof-making-of-an-american-terrorist - Frances Robles and Nikita Stewart, “Dylann Roof’s Past Reveals Trouble at Home and School,” New York Times
, July 16, 2015,
www.nytimes.com/2015/07/17/us/charleston-shooting-dylann-roof-troubled-past.html - “88,” Hate on Display Symbols Database
, ADL, accessed January 23, 2025,
www.adl.org/resources/hate-symbol/88 - Wayne Drash, “Inside the Bible study massacre: A mom ‘laid in her son’s blood,’” CNN
, December 17, 2015,
www.cnn.com/2015/06/19/us/inside-charleston-bible-study-massacre/index.html - Dylann Roof, online manifesto, 2015
MURDER OF JO COX
Citations:
- Ian Cobain and Matthew Taylor, “Far-right terrorist Thomas Mair jailed for life for Jo Cox murder,” Guardian
, November 23, 2016,
www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/nov/23/thomas-mair-found-guilty-of-jo-cox-murder - “Jo Cox trial: The hidden extremist views of murderer Thomas Mair,” Yorkshire Post
, November 23, 2016,
www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/jo-cox-trial-the-hidden-extremist-views-of-murderer-thomas-mair-760124 - Ian Cobain, “Jo Cox murder suspect collected far-right books, court hears,” Guardian
, November 21, 2016,
www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/nov/21/jo-cox-suspect-collected-far-right-books-court-hears - “The slow-burning hatred that led Thomas Mair to murder Jo Cox,” Guardian
, November 23, 2016,
www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/nov/23/thomas-mair-slow-burning-hatred-led-to-jo-cox-murder
MUNICH SHOOTING
Citations:
- Ali “David” Sonboly, manifesto, July 24, 2015, quoted in Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA)/The Local, “Revenge or racism? Report raises questions about Munich shooter's motives,” The Local Germany
, June 9, 2017,
www.thelocal.de/20170609/revenge-or-racism-new-report-raises-questions-about-munich-shooters-motives - Souad Mekhennet et al., “Munich officials: Gunman acted like ‘a deranged person’ but had no ties to terror groups,” Washington Post
, July 23, 2016,
www.washingtonpost.com/world/munich-police-hunt-for-a-motive-after-iranian-german-gunman-kills-nine-in-rampage/2016/07/23/5e3058d6-5055-11e6-bf27-405106836f96_story.html - AFP, “Munich gunman inspired by rightwing Breivik: police,” The Local Germany
, July 23, 2016,
www.thelocal.de/20160723/munich-gunman-inspired-by-rightwing-breivik-not-isis-police - Kate Connolly, “Munich gunman saw sharing Hitler's birthday as 'special honour,'” Guardian
, July 27, 2016,
www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/27/munich-gunman-saw-sharing-hitlers-birthday-as-special-honour - “‘Radical right-wing’ motives in Munich 2016 attack,” DW
, October 25, 2019,
www.dw.com/en/germany-2016-munich-attack-had-radical-right-wing-motives-say-police/a-50991641 - Jamie Grierson et al., “Munich gunman lured victims on Facebook with 'free McDonald's food,'” Guardian
, July 23, 2016,
www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/23/munich-shooting-teenage-gunman-researched-killing-sprees-no-isis-links - “‘Radical right-wing’ motives in Munich 2016 attack,” DW
; “Munich shootings: Who were the victims?” BBC News
, July 24, 2016,
www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36877837 - David Crossland, “Obsessed Munich killer had planned attack for a year,” The Times
, July 25, 2016,
www.thetimes.com/article/804de7cc-51cb-11e6-8dea-000ee0549984 - Rukmini Callimachi et al., “Gunman in Munich Kills 9, Then Himself, Police Say,” New York Times
, July 22, 2016,
www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/world/europe/munich-mall.html
QUEBEC CITY MOSQUE SHOOTING
Citations:
- Adam Kovac, “Alleged anti-immigrant suspect charged in Quebec mosque shooting,” USA Today
, January 30, 2017 (updated January 31, 2017),
www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/01/30/quebec-canada-mosque-attack-terrorism/97233660 - Rachel Watts, “7 years after deadly mosque attack, Quebec City community focuses on fostering harmony,” CBC News
, January 29, 2024,
www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/7-years-after-mosque-attack-quebec-city-muslim-community-1.7096049 - Les Perreaux and Eric Andrew-Gee, “Quebec City mosque attack suspect known as online troll inspired by French far-right,” Globe and Mail
, January 30, 2017,
www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/quebec-city-mosque-attack-suspect-known-for-right-wing-online-posts/article33833044 - Amanda Coletta, “Quebec City mosque shooter scoured Twitter for Trump, right-wing figures before attack,” Washington Post
, April 18, 2018,
www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/04/18/quebec-city-mosque-shooter-scoured-twitter-for-trump-right-wing-figures-before-attack - Andy Riga, “Inside the life of Quebec mosque killer Alexandre Bissonnette,” Montreal Gazette
, April 23, 2018,
montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/alexandre-bissonnette-inside-the-life-of-a-mass-murderer - Chandrika Narayan, “What we know about the victims of the Quebec mosque shooting,” CNN
, February 1, 2017,
www.cnn.com/2017/01/31/americas/quebec-mosque-shooting-victims
CHARLOTTESVILLE CAR ATTACK
Citations:
- “What we know about accused Charlottesville driver James Alex Fields Jr.,” CBS News
, August 14, 2017,
www.cbsnews.com/news/james-alex-fields-jr-charlottesville-car-attack-appeared-fond-adolf-hitler - “Ohio Man Sentenced to Life in Prison for Federal Hate Crimes Related to August 2017 Car Attack at Rally in Charlottesville, Virginia,” U.S. Department of Justice
, June 28, 2019,
www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/ohio-man-sentenced-life-prison-federal-hate-crimes-related-august-2017-car-attack-rally - Paul Duggan, “Charge upgraded to first-degree murder for driver accused of ramming Charlottesville crowd,” Washington Post
, December 14, 2017,
www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/driver-accused-of-plowing-into-charlottesville-crowd-killing-heather-heyer-due-in-court/2017/12/13/6cbb4ce8-e029-11e7-89e8-edec16379010_story.html
MACERATA SHOOTING
Citations:
- Daniele Carotti, “Macerata, Pamela Mastropietro's murder: Preliminary Investigating Judge validates arrests, Oseghale jailed,” ANSA
, January 31, 2018,
www.ansa.it/marche/notizie/2018/01/31/macerata-omicidio-pamela-mastropietro-gip-convalida-arresti-oseghale-in-carcere_bc1d5039-2dec-471a-844a-67d99c3b2cae.html (via Google Translate) - Colleen Barry, “Police: Extreme-right gunman shoots 6 Africans in Italy,” AP News
, February 3, 2018,
apnews.com/article/b643ccb5726b481ca2c86072d20ef9a8 - “Italian man who shot migrants given 12-year prison term,” Reuters
, October 3, 2018,
www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-shooting-macerata/italian-man-who-shot-migrants-given-12-year-prison-term-idUSKCN1MD2IY/ - Pietro Castelli Gattinara and Francis O'Connor, “An Italian neo-fascist shot 6 immigrants. So why won’t Italy’s political parties condemn xenophobia?” Washington Post
, February 9, 2018,
www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/02/09/an-italian-neo-fascist-shot-6-migrants-how-does-this-play-into-the-upcoming-elections/ - James Reynolds, “Italy migrants attack: Macerata shooting reveals a bitter national debate,” BBC News
, February 12, 2018,
www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43030951
PITTSBURGH SYNAGOGUE SHOOTING
Citations:
- Peter Smith and Michael Rubinkam, “Pittsburgh synagogue gunman will be sentenced to death for the nation’s deadliest antisemitic attack,” AP News
, August 2, 2023,
apnews.com/article/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-death-penalty-27e3b1a505cacdd674ee9b8a179aa1a8 - Campbell Robinson et al., New York Times
, October 27, 2018,
www.nytimes.com/2018/10/27/us/active-shooter-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting.html - Jarrett Renshaw, “Who is Robert Bowers, the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting suspect?” Reuters
, October 29, 2018,
www.reuters.com/article/world/who-is-robert-bowers-the-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-suspect-idUSKCN1N31SJ/ - Avi Selk et al., “‘They showed his photo, and my stomach just dropped’: Neighbors recall synagogue massacre suspect as a loner,” Washington Post
, October 28, 2018,
wapo.st/42Q2kAA - Alex Amend, “Analyzing a terrorist’s social media manifesto: the Pittsburgh synagogue shooter’s posts on Gab,” Hatewatch, Southern Poverty Law Center
, October 28, 2018,
www.splcenter.org/resources/hate-watch/analyzing-terrorists-social-media-manifesto-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooters-posts-gab - Holly Yan, “The death penalty trial for the man accused of killing 11 at Pittsburgh’s Tree of Life synagogue begins. Here’s what to know,” CNN
, April 27, 2023,
www.cnn.com/2023/04/27/us/tree-of-life-synagogue-shooting-trial
CHRISTCHURCH MOSQUE SHOOTINGS
Citations:
- Isaac Stanley-Becker et al., “Primary suspect, one alleged accomplice identified in terrorist attack that killed 49 in New Zealand,” Washington Post
, March 15, 2019,
www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/03/15/shootings-reported-mosques-christchurch-new-zealand - Joey Garrison, “‘Violent terrorist’: Who is the white supremacist suspected in New Zealand mosque shootings?” USA Today
, March 15, 2019 (updated March 21, 2019),
www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/03/15/new-zealand-christchurch-mosque-shootings-who-brenton-tarrant/3172550002/ - Gerry Doyle, “New Zealand mosque attacker's plan began and ended online,” Reuters
, March 15, 2019,
www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shootout-internet/new-zealand-mosque-attackers-plan-began-and-ended-online-idUSKCN1QW1MV/ - Ko tō tātou kāinga tēnei: Royal Commission of Inquiry
, Vol. 1, December 8, 2020,
christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/20148/ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-volume-1-v2.pdf - Praveen Menon, “New Zealand mosque shooter given life in prison for 'wicked' crimes,” Reuters
, August 27, 2020,
www.reuters.com/article/world/new-zealand-mosque-shooter-given-life-in-prison-for-wicked-crimes-idUSKBN25N07V/ - Brenton Tarrant, “The Great Replacement,” manifesto, March 15, 2019
POWAY SYNAGOGUE SHOOTING
Citations:
- John Earnest, manifesto, April 27, 2019.
- Elliot Spagat and Daisy Nguyen, “19-year-old kills 1, wounds rabbi and 2 others at synagogue,” AP News
, April 28, 2019,
apnews.com/general-news-36c8a77e02e4448ca1ef78e0b90ac2c1 - Julie Zauzmer Weil, “The alleged synagogue shooter was a churchgoer who talked Christian theology, raising tough questions for evangelical pastors,” Washington Post
, May 1, 2019,
www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/05/01/alleged-synagogue-shooter-was-churchgoer-who-articulated-christian-theology-prompting-tough-questions-evangelical-pastors/ - Marcy Oster, “One year after Poway attack, Lori Gilbert-Kaye remembered at memorial as ‘beautiful,’ inside and out,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency
, April 27, 2020,
www.jta.org/quick-reads/one-year-after-poway-attack-lori-gilbert-kaye-remembered-at-memorial-as-beautiful-inside-and-out - Ben Collins and Andrew Blankstein, “Anti-Semitic open letter posted online under name of Chabad synagogue shooting suspect,” NBC News
, April 27, 2019,
www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/anti-semitic-open-letter-posted-online-under-name-chabad-synagogue-n999211
MURDER OF WALTER LUBCKE
Citations:
- Euronews and Agence France-Presse (AFP), “Walter Lübcke: Right-wing extremist Stephan Ernst handed life sentence for murder of pro-migrant MP,” Euronews
, January 28, 2021,
www.euronews.com/my-europe/2021/01/28/verdict-expected-in-trial-of-neo-nazi-accused-of-murdering-german-politician - Ben Knight, “Neo-Nazi found guilty in murder of German politician,” DW
, January 28, 2021,
www.dw.com/en/neo-nazi-convicted-of-german-politicians-murder/a-56366905 - Ellen Rivera, “The assassination of Walter Lübcke: A murky tale of Germany’s first political murder in over fifty years,” IERES Occasional Papers
, no. 5, November 2019,
www.illiberalism.org/the-assassination-of-walter-lubcke/
EL PASO WALMART SHOOTING
Citations:
- Cedar Attanasio et al., AP News
, August 9, 2019,
apnews.com/article/shootings-el-paso-texas-mass-shooting-us-news-ap-top-news-immigration-456c0154218a4d378e2fb36cd40b709d - Heather Murphy, “El Paso Shooting Suspect Indicted on Capital Murder Charge,” New York Times
, September 12, 2019,
www.nytimes.com/2019/09/12/us/el-paso-suspect-capital-murder.html - Morgan Lee and Paul J. Weber, “Texas gunman in Walmart shooting gets 90 consecutive life sentences and may still face death penalty,” AP News
, July 7, 2023,
apnews.com/article/el-paso-walmart-shooting-crusius-6e8b5f654d9c2b51e377c09bfdda9caf - Patrick Wood Crusius, “The Inconvenient Truth,” manifesto, August 3, 2019.
HALLE SYNAGOGUE SHOOTING
Citations:
- “German Halle gunman admits far-right synagogue attack,” BBC News
, October 11, 2019,
www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50011898 - Christopher F. Schuetze and Melissa Eddy, “Only a Locked Door Stopped a Massacre at a German Synagogue,” New York Times
, October 10, 2019 (updated October 21, 2019),
www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/world/europe/germany-synagogue-attack.html - “Halle synagogue attack: Germany far-right gunman jailed for life,” BBC News
, December 21, 2020,
www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55395682 - “A music lover, a painter: Victims of Halle shooting identified,” Times of Israel
, October 11, 2019,
www.timesofisrael.com/a-music-lover-a-painter-victims-of-halle-shooting-identified/ - “Germany synagogue shooting is part of ‘global far-right insurgency’, experts warn as attacker seeks to inspire others,” Independent
, October 10, 2019,
www.the-independent.com/news/world/europe/germany-shooting-attack-synagogue-halle-far-right-neo-nazi-insurgency-terror-a9151331.html
HANAU SHOOTINGS
Citations:
- Nadine Schmidt et al., “Nine killed at two shisha bars in Germany in suspected far-right attack,” CNN
, February 20, 2020,
www.cnn.com/2020/02/19/europe/hanau-germany-shootings-intl/index.html - Julia Kupper et al., “The Hanau Terror Attack: Unraveling the Dynamics of Mental Disorder and Extremist Beliefs,” Journal of Threat Assessment and Management
11, no. 3 (2024),
psycnet.apa.org/record/2023-66538-001 - Özlem Gezer and Timofey Neshitov, “Aftermath of a Deadly Racist Attack,” Spiegel International
, February 18, 2021,
www.spiegel.de/international/germany/the-hanau-protocols-aftermath-of-a-deadly-racist-attack-a-5bfa4821-6682-4a8a-bada-7c6d9a884c30 - Philip Oltermann, “Hanau attack gunman railed against ethnic minorities online,” Guardian
, February 20, 2020,
www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/20/hanau-gunman-tobias-rathjen-railed-against-ethnic-minorities-online - Alina Leimbach, “Nine young people from Hanau, torn from their lives,” hessenschau
, February 22, 2020 (Wayback Machine),
web.archive.org/web/20200222205315/https://www.hessenschau.de/gesellschaft/opfer-des-anschlags-neun-junge-hanauer-mitten-aus-dem-leben-gerissen - Tobias Rathjen, “Script with Pictures,” manifesto, February 13, 2020.
BUFFALO SHOOTING
Citations:
- “Buffalo Shooting: Ten dead in racially motivated attack at New York state store,” BBC News
, May 15, 2022,
www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-61452958 - Mark Morales et al., “Buffalo grocery store mass shooter apologizes for racist attack and receives sentence of life in prison,” CNN
, February 15, 2023,
www.cnn.com/2023/02/15/us/buffalo-tops-grocery-shooting-payton-gendron-state-sentencing/index.html - Nicole Acevedo et al., “10 Killed, 3 wounded in racist shooting at Buffalo supermarket, officials say,” NBC News
, May 14, 2022,
www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/buffalo-supermarket-mass-shooting-leaves-7-dead-law-enforcement-source-rcna28883 - Craig Whitlock et al., “Massacre suspect said he modified Bushmaster rifle to hold more ammunition,” Washington Post
, May 15, 2022,
wapo.st/3WrUVU7 - Payton Gendron, manifesto, May 12, 2022.
