Chapter 99: Basic Math

372     days after Oseghale’s arrest  News of Innocent Oseghale’s arrest broke on February 1. Colleen Barry, “Police: Extreme-Right Gunman Shoots 6 Africans in Italy,” Associated Press (AP) News, February 3, 2018, apnews.com/article/b643ccb5726b481ca2c86072d20ef9a8; and Alessandra Ziniti and Paolo Gallori, “Girl Chopped to Pieces, Stuffed in Suitcases, Drug Dealer Arrested: Autopsy Does Not Clarify Cause of Death,” la Repubblica, February 1, 2018, www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/02/01/news/ragazza_morta_in_valigie_fermato_nigeriano-187785520/, via Google Translate.

372     “justice for Pamela” Luca Traini quoted in “Italian Man Who Shot Migrants Given 12-Year Prison Term,” Reuters, October 3, 2018, www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-shooting-macerata/italian-man-who-shot-migrants-given-12-year-prison-term-idUSKCN1MD2IY/.

372     grabbed his semiautomatic pistol Francesco Marone, “Right-Wing Extremism and Lone-Actor Violence in Italy: The Case of the 2018 Macerata Shooting,” Modern Italy 28, no. 1 (2023), /www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-italy/article/abs/rightwing-extremism-and-loneactor-violence-in-italy-the-case-of-the-2018-macerata-shooting/04625E74C0C38A4934AF08AD8FA29240, 23.

372     climbed into his black Alfa Romeo 147  Jason Horowitz, “This Italian Town Once
Welcomed Migrants: Now, It’s a Symbol for Right-Wing Politics,” New York Times, July 7, 2018,www.nytimes.com/2018/07/07/world/europe/italy-macerata-migrants.html.

372     in search of African immigrants . . . opened fire whenever he saw . . .  Barry, “Police: : Extreme-Right Gunman Shoots 6 Africans in Italy,” apnews.com/article/b643ccb5726b481ca2c86072d20ef9a8.

372     “kill them all”  Luca Traini quoted in Pietro Castelli Gattinara and Francis O’Connor, “An Italian Neo-Fascist Shot 6 Immigrants: So Why Won’t Italy’s Political Parties Condemn Xenophobia?” Washington Post, February 9, 2018,”www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/02/09/an-italian-neo-fascist-shot-6-migrants-how-does-this-play-into-the-upcoming-elections/.

372     seriously wounded . . . from Nigeria, Ghana, Gambia, and Mali  “Nazi Literature Found in Italy Shooting Suspect’s Home,” CBS News, February 5, 2018, www.cbsnews.com/news/italy-macerata-attack-luca-traini-hitler-nazi-literature-shooting-africans/. For some of the survivors’ stories, see James Reynolds, “Italy Migrants Attack: Macerata Shooting Reveals a Bitter National Debate,” BBC News, February 12, 2018, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43030951.

372     drove to . . . wrapped an Italian flag on his shoulders Elisabetta Povoledo, “‘Racial Hatred’ Cited After African Immigrants Are Shot in Italy,” New York Times, February 3, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/02/03/world/europe/macerata-italy-shooting.html.

372     a fascist salute before being arrested Povoledo, “‘Racial Hatred’ Cited After African Immigrants Are Shot in Italy,” www.nytimes.com/2018/02/03/world/europe/macerata-italy-shooting.html.

372     a majority . . . occasionally or at all times “justifiable” “10% said racist acts were always justified and a further 45% who said racist acts could be acceptable depending on the situation.” Angela Giuffrida, “More Than Half of Italians in Poll Say Racist Acts Are Justifiable,” The Guardian, November 12, 2019, www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/12/more-than-half-of-italians-in-poll-say-racism-is-justifiable.

372     applauded . . . pledged to pay his legal costs Gattinara and O’Connor, “An Italian Neo-Fascist Shot 6 Immigrants: So Why Won’t Italy’s Political Parties Condemn Xenophobia?” www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/02/09/an-italian-neo-fascist-shot-6-migrants-how-does-this-play-into-the-upcoming-elections/.

372     about twenty-five . . . beat up four North Africans . . .  Lorenzo Tondo, “Attacks on Immigrants Highlight Rise of Fascist Groups in Italy,” The Guardian, February 6, 2018, www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/06/attacks-on-immigrants-highlight-rise-of-fascist-groups-in-italy.

372     inscribed Traini’s name on a magazine Paola Pagnanelli, “New Zealand, Luca Traini’s Name on the Weapons of the Massacre” Who Is He?” il Resto del Carlino, March 15, 2019, www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/macerata/cronaca/nuova-zelanda-traini-ced0cbd9, via Google Translate.

372     listed . . . “partisans/freedom fighters/ethno soldiers” . . . “a stand against . . . genocide”  Brenton   Tarrant, “The Great Replacement,” manifesto, March 15, 2019.

373     stabbed and killed three . . . and injured eight more children and two adults Robyn Vinter, “Southport Murder Accused Named as Axel Rudakubana,” The Guardian, August 1, 2024, www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/aug/01/southport-accused-named-as-axel-rudakubana.

373     at a dance class in Southport, England  Vinter, “Southport Murder Accused Named as Axel Rudakubana,” www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/aug/01/southport-accused-named-as-axel-rudakubana. 

373     arrested Rudakubana at the scene Juliana Kim, “Far-Right, Anti-Immigration Riots Persist Across the U.K.: Here’s What to Know,” NPR, August 4, 2024, www.npr.org/2024/08/04/nx-s1-5063346/uk-riots-far-right-what-to-know. 

373     Misinformation . . . was a Muslim immigrant  Vinter, “Southport Murder Accused Named as Axel Rudakubana,” www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/aug/01/southport-accused-named-as-axel-rudakubana. 

373     born in Wales . . . after the 1994 genocide  “Axel Rudakubana: Troubled Teen Whose Knife Rampage Shocked Britain,” France 24, January 23, 2025, www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250123-axel-rudakubana-troubled-teen-whose-knife-rampage-shocked-britain. 

373     tossed bricks and Molotov cocktails at a local mosque  Kim, Far-Right, Anti-Immigration Riots Persist Across the U.K.: Here’s What to Know,” www.npr.org/2024/08/04/nx-s1-5063346/uk-riots-far-right-what-to-know. 

373     gripped the streets of Manchester . . . and Belfast  Kim, “Far-Right, Anti-Immigration Riots Persist Across the U.K.: Here’s What to Know,” www.npr.org/2024/08/04/nx-s1-5063346/uk-riots-far-right-what-to-know. 

373     “ENOUGH IS ENOUGH: STOP THE BOATS” Kim, “Far-Right, Anti-Immigration Riots Persist Across the U.K.: Here’s What to Know,” www.npr.org/2024/08/04/nx-s1-5063346/uk-riots-far-right-what-to-know; Benjamin Cremel/AFP via Getty Images, “Protestors hold a banner reading ‘Enough is Enough—Stops [sic] The Boats’ during a demonstration on Whitehall, outside the entrance to 10 Downing Street in central London . . .,” photograph, Getty Images, July 31, 2024, www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/protestors-hold-a-banner-reading-enough-is-enough-stops-the-news-photo/2164046410;

and IMAGO / ZUMA Press Wire, “July 31, 2024, London, England, UK: Protesters hang a Stop the boats banner outside Downing Street . . .” photograph, July 31, 2024, IMAGO, www.imago-images.com/st/0719230160. 

373     about seven hundred demonstrators . . . to asylum seekers in Rotherham  Kim, “Far-Right, Anti-Immigration Riots Persist Across the U.K.: Here’s What to Know,” www.npr.org/2024/08/04/nx-s1-5063346/uk-riots-far-right-what-to-know.

373     “Get them out!” Rotherham rioters quoted in Emine Sinmaz and Robyn Vinter, “Rioters Try to Torch Rotherham Asylum Seeker Hotel Amid Far-Right Violence,” The Guardian, August 4, 2024, www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/aug/04/rioters-try-to-torch-rotherham-asylum-seeker-hotel-amid-far-right-violence. The rioters’ chant can be heard at 0:22–0:27 of the article’s embedded video.

373     broke windows . . .  Sinmaz and Vinter, “Rioters Try to Torch Rotherham Asylum Seeker Hotel Amid Far-Right Violence,” www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/aug/04/rioters-try-to-torch-rotherham-asylum-seeker-hotel-amid-far-right-violence; and Yuliya Talmazan, “U.K. Far-Right Riots Spread, Triggering Emergency Security Meeting,” NBC News, August 5, 2024, www.nbcnews.com/news/world/uk-starmer-cobra-security-far-right-riots-protests-spread-migration-rcna165116.

373     set . . . on fire Sinmaz and Vinter, “Rioters Try to Torch Rotherham Asylum Seeker Hotel Amid Far-Right Violence,” www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/aug/04/rioters-try-to-torch-rotherham-asylum-seeker-hotel-amid-far-right-violence.

373     tossed a flaming bin  Kim, “Far-Right, Anti-Immigration Riots Persist Across the U.K.: Here’s What to Know,” www.npr.org/2024/08/04/nx-s1-5063346/uk-riots-far-right-what-to-know.

373     “Our country is being destroyed . . .” Nigel Farage, X, July 30, 2024, 5:47 p.m., x.com/Nigel_Farage/status/1818403062794666257, archived at archive.today, February 9, 2026 capture, archive.ph/wip/ayNfl.

373     "all acts of political violence" LBC, "Nigel Farage pressed on whether rioters should 'stop,'" YouTube, August 6, 2024, www.youtube.com/shorts/9DS9Ecefkis.

373     “The one that starts shooting at innocent people . . .”  Giorgia Meloni, Twitter, February 5, 2018, 8:51 a.m., x.com/GiorgiaMeloni/status/960511234650116096.

373     roughly 15,000 people in Macerata  Barbie Latza Nadeau, “Italians Protest Against Fascism Following Shooting of African Migrants,” CNN, February 10, 2018, www.cnn.com/2018/02/10/europe/italy-migrants-protest/index.html.

373     “in Macerata the march is against racism, not . . .”  Giorgia Meloni, Twitter, February 10, 2018, 3:43 a.m., x.com/GiorgiaMeloni/status/962245561025028098, archived at archive.today, February 9, 2026 capture, archive.ph/wip/jD1he.

37      “You are ridiculous!” Giorgia Meloni, Twitter, February 10, 2018, x.com/GiorgiaMeloni/status/962245561025028098, archived at archive.ph/wip/jD1he.

374     led in the polls, steering . . . Frances D’Emilio, “Italian Candidate for Premier Defends ‘White Race’ Remark,” AP News, January 15, 2018, apnews.com/general-news-f808dda8e586458790ef6d942952ac5c.

374     campaigned on . . . and remigrating 150,000 immigrants  Griff Witte and Stefano Pitrelli, “A Gruesome Murder, A Hate-Filled Shooting Rampage, And a Reckoning with Immigration Before Italy Votes.” Washington Post, February 6, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/a-gruesome-murder-a-hate-filled-shooting-spree-and-a-reckoning-with-immigration-before-italy-votes/2018/02/06/d34f8598-0aa7-11e8-998c-96deb18cca19_story.html.

374     “isn’t a question of being xenophobic or racist . . .”  Attilio Fontana quoted in D’Emilio, “Italian Candidate for Premier Defends ‘White Race’ Remark,” apnews.com/general-news-f808dda8e586458790ef6d942952ac5c.

374     “We must decide . . . if our white race . . .”  Fontana quoted in D’Emilio, “Italian Candidate for Premier Defends ‘White Race’ Remark,” apnews.com/general-news-f808dda8e586458790ef6d942952ac5c.

374     “An invasion is underway”  Matteo Salvini quoted in D’Emilio, “Italian Candidate for Premier Defends ‘White Race’ Remark,” apnews.com/general-news-f808dda8e586458790ef6d942952ac5c.

374     won his election  “Fontana Wins Lombardy Election, 49.7%,” ANSA English, March 6, 2018, www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2018/03/06/fontana-wins-lombardy-election-49.7_ac5d7883-4ec9-4e78-96c5-0526b6f0d059.html.

374     about 600,000 immigrants, primarily from Africa  “Italian Man Who Shot Migrants Given 12-Year Prison Term,” www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-shooting-macerata/italian-man-who-shot-migrants-given-12-year-prison-term-idUSKCN1MD2IY/

374     represented about 1 percent . . .  The population of Italy was 60,494,000 at the beginning of 2018 and 60,391,000 at the end of 2018. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (Istat), “Demographic indicators,” February 9, 2018, www.istat.it/en/press-release/demographic-indicators-year-2017/; and Istat, “Demographic indicators,” February 7, 2019, www.istat.it/en/press-release/demographic-indicators-year-2018/.

374     comprised about 1.7 percent of Europe’s population  “Jewish Population of Europe in 1933: Population Data by Country,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, November 18, 2024, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jewish-population-of-europe-in-1933-population-data-by-country.

374     ran on protecting . . . from immigration and violence  For example, see   Matteo Salvini, Twitter, February 3, 2018, 11:12 a.m.,x.com/matteosalvinimi/status/959821942831435776, archived at archive.today February 9, 2026 capture, archive.ph/wip/AkBsk, via Google Translate. See also Jason Horowitz, “Italy’s Populists Turn Up the Heat as Anti-Migrant Anger Boils,” New York Times, February 5, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/world/europe/italy-election-northern-league-populists-migrants.html.

374     the fourth lowest in the European Union  Istat, Perpetrators and Victims of Homicide, Years 2018–2019, February 5, 2021, www.istat.it/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/perpetrators-victims-homicide-2018-19.pdf, 14.

374     trending downward “Homicides have been falling since the 1990s.” Istat, Perpetrators and Victims of Homicide, Years 2018–2019, www.istat.it/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/perpetrators-victims-homicide-2018-19.pdf, 1. Between 2017 and 2018, the homicide rate dropped from 0.59 per 100,00 inhabitants to 0.57 per 100,00 inhabitants. Istat, Homicide Victims, Year 2018, www.istat.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Homicide-victims_EN_Final.pdf, 1.

374–375     92.7 percent of Italian murder victims . . .  In the first half of 2021—which appears to be the first period for which Istat included such data in their official reports— that figure was 83 percent. Istat, Homicide Victims, Year 2022, November 24, 2023, www.istat.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Vittime-di-omicidio-2022.pdf, 1, via Google Translate; and Istat, Homicide Victims, Year 2021, November 24, 2022, www.istat.it/it/files/2022/11/REPORT-VITTIME-DI-OMICIDIO_2021.pdf, 3, via Google Translate.

375     the proportion . . . significantly shot up between 2012 and 2021  Even “in 2017, when it was lowest, the share stood at about 73%. By 2020, it exceeded 85%.” Michela Finizio, “In Italy, Femicides Are Not Decreasing Like Homicides,” European Data Journalism Network, March 15, 2023, www.europeandatajournalism.eu/cp_data_news/in-italy-femicides-are-not-decreasing-like-homicides/.

375     “express it with their feet Renaud Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, (Plieux, France: Renaud Camus, 2018), 41. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

375      11 million African-born migrants . . . of 750 million people International Organization for Migration (IOM), “Chapter 3: Migration and Migrants: Regional Dimensions and Developments, Africa” World Migration Report 2024, worldmigrationreport.iom.int/what-we-do/world-migration-report-2024-chapter-3/africa; and United Nations Population Division, “Total Population by Sex, Europe, 2020,” United Nations Population Data Portal, accessed April 8, 2025, population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/49/locations/908/start/2020/end/2020/table/pivotbylocation?df=05fe7de8-440f-45fa-9800-ccfa3af94588. The European population in this sentence has been rounded to the nearest million, from 749,524,045 to 750,000,000.

375     “real” . . . “opinion” . . . “French and European colonisation”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 41. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

375     “to France and to Europe to settle down as soon as they think . . .”  Camus, You Will Not Replace U!s, 41. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

375     nearly 1.4 billion people in Africa  United Nations Population Division, “Total Population by Sex, Africa, 2020,” population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/49/locations/903/start/2020/end/2020/table/pivotbysex?df=3dd80cd8-17df-4ac9-8c6a-1b5482967462.

375     The top destination . . . Africa  “Most international migration occurs within the region. The latest available international migrant stock data (2020) show that around 21 million Africans were living in another African country.” IOM, “Chapter 3: Migration and Migrants: Regional Dimensions and Developments, Africa,” , worldmigrationreport.iom.int/what-we-do/world-migration-report-2024-chapter-3/africa.

375     “what made Europe so desirable” . . . “was the simple fact . . .”  Camus, You Will Not Replace Us! 41. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

375     about a quarter . . . live in  “Less than one-third (27.2%) of all African migrants live in Europe.” Mo Ibrahim Foundation and Africa-Europe Foundation, Africa and Europe: Facts and Figures on African Migrations (2022), mo.ibrahim.foundation/sites/default/files/2022-02/aef_summit_african-migrations.pdf, 2.