Chapter 92: Great Replacement of History

348     “the greatest statesman of the century” Gianfranco Fini quoted in Alberto Statera, “Il migliore resta Mussolini,” La Stampa, April 1, 1994, quoted in and translated by Matteo Pasetti, “The ‘Fascist Threat’ in Berlusconi’s Italy,” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 29, no. 3 (2024), www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1354571X.2024.2349841, 324.

348      “will have to make an extraordinary effort . . .” Fini quoted in Statera, “Il migliore resta Mussolini,” quoted in and translated by Pasetti, “The ‘Fascist Threat’ in Berlusconi’s Italy,” www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1354571X.2024.2349841, 324.

348     vast demonstrations on Liberation Day  Pasetti, “The ‘Fascist Threat’ in Berlusconi’s Italy,” www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1354571X.2024.2349841, 324–325. See also William D. Montalbano, “Italians Mark WWII Victory over Fascism,” Los Angeles Times, April 26, 1994, www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-04-26-mn-50687-story.html.

348     stayed home. He claimed the “left” . . .”  Pasetti, “The ‘Fascist Threat’ in Berlusconi’s Italy,” www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1354571X.2024.2349841, 325.

348     spoke about the defeat of “fascism in Europe”  Silvio Berlusconi, opening speech to the Chamber of Deputies, May 16, 1994, quoted in Pasetti, “The ‘Fascist Threat’ in Berlusconi’s Italy,” www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1354571X.2024.2349841, 325.

348     “a great statesman” Silvio Berlusconi quoted in William Drozdiak, “No Fascists in Cabinet, Italy’s New Premier Says,” Washington Post, May 26, 1994, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/05/27/no-fascists-in-cabinet-italys-new-premier-says/4e6113ff-b301-4ac9-be74-214beefc3a6c/.

348     “away liberties” . . . “the country into war . . . for a while, Mussolini did some . . .”  Berlusconi quoted in Drozdiak, “No Fascists in Cabinet,” www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/05/27/no-fascists-in-cabinet-italys-new-premier-says/4e6113ff-b301-4ac9-be74-214beefc3a6c/.

348     murdered thousands of political opponents Historian and Mussolini expert R. J. B. Bosworth estimates that between 1919 and 1925 alone, Mussolini was responsible for “the murder of two thousand and more political opponents.” R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini and the Eclipse of Italian Fascism: From Dictatorship to Populism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2021), 116. Visit search.worldcat.org/title/1244811399to find this book at a local library.

348     “never killed anyone” . . . “on holiday in exile” Silvio Berlusconi quoted in Gianluca Luzi, “Berlusconi choc su Mussolini,” la Repubblica, September 12, 2003, quoted in and translated by Pasetti, “The ‘Fascist Threat’ in Berlusconi’s Italy,” www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1354571X.2024.2349841, 326.

348     “as a somewhat benevolent and philanthropic dictatorship”  Pasetti, “The ‘Fascist Threat’ in Berlusconi’s Italy,” www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1354571X.2024.2349841, 326.

348–349     lost in the 1996 Italian general election  Daniel Williams, “Leftists Claim Victory in Italian Election,” Washington Post, April 22, 1996, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/04/22/leftists-claim-victory-in-italian-election/a0d48742-b3c9-4a3d-bffc-e9af0419e6bf/.

349     the party’s new national youth leader Clarida Salvatori and Laura Martellini, “Giorgia Meloni, from the Youth Front to the Triumph in the Elections: The Stages of Her Career,” Corriere Roma, September 28, 2022, roma.corriere.it/cronaca/cards/giorgia-meloni-fronte-gioventu-trionfo-elezioni-tappe-carriera/militanza-giovanile-fdg-azione-studentesca_principale.shtml, via Google Translate.

349     “For me, Mussolini was a good politician” INA Politique, “1996: Giorgia Meloni ‘Mussolini était un bon politicien’ | Archive INA,” YouTube, September 23, 2022, youtu.be/XuoXr-zjqas?si=We87ud9AZyFyjJGV, 0:45–0:49, via Google Translate.

349     “Everything he did, he did for Italy . . .”  INA Politique, “1996: Giorgia Meloni ‘Mussolini était un bon politicien’   Archive INA,” youtu.be/XuoXr-zjqas?si=We87ud9AZyFyjJGV, 0:50–0:54.

349     coalition won “Berlusconi Wins Senate Majority,” The Guardian, May 14, 2001, www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/14/1.

349     prime minister until 2006  Frances D’Emilio, “Silvio Berlusconi, Italy’s Tarnished 3-Time Premier, Dies at 86,” Associated Press (AP) News, June 12, 2023, apnews.com/article/berlusconi-dead-remembrance-c7caf48435ab4f2a81032df2ba2007e1.

349     elected . . . to the Chamber of Deputies  Bernd Riegert, “Who Is Giorgia Meloni, the Star of the Italian Far Right?” Deutsche Welle (DW), September 26, 2022, www.dw.com/en/italy-election-who-is-giorgia-meloni-the-star-of-the-far-right/a-62604896.

349     joined the third . . . as the Italian minister of youth  Stefano Pitrelli and Anthony Faiola, “Berlusconi’s Testosterone Politics Have Been Overtaken by Women in Italy,” Washington Post, June 12, 2023, www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/12/silvio-berlusconi-women-giorgia-meloni-italy/.

349     helped form Brothers of Italy Nicole Winfield, “How a Party of Neo-Fascist Roots Won Big in Italy,” AP News, September 26, 2022, apnews.com/article/elections-rome-italy-6aa9fcb003071c307190a4053f199d98.

349     assumed the presidency . . . in 2014  “Profile: Giorgia Meloni, Prime Minister, Italy,” Forbes, accessed March 27, 2025, www.forbes.com/profile/giorgia-meloni/.

349     “the vast majority of them African men”  Giorgia Meloni, “Dress rehearsals for ethnic substitution in Italy . . .” Facebook, October 6, 2016, www.facebook.com/giorgiameloni.paginaufficiale/posts/prove-generali-di-sostituzione-etnica-in-italia-nel-2015-pi%C3%B9-di-100-mila-italian/10154534547787645, archived at Wayback Machine, February 10, 2026 capture, web.archive.org/web/20260210170713/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/giorgiameloni.paginaufficiale/posts/prove-generali-di-sostituzione-etnica-in-italia-nel-2015-pi%C3%B9-di-100-mila-italian/10154534547787645, via Google Translate.

349     “dress rehearsals for ethnic substitution”  Meloni, “Dress rehearsals for ethnic substitution in Italy . . .” www.facebook.com/giorgiameloni.paginaufficiale/posts/prove-generali-di-sostituzione-etnica-in-italia-nel-2015-pi%C3%B9-di-100-mila-italian/10154534547787645, archived at web.archive.org/web/20260210170713/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/giorgiameloni.paginaufficiale/posts/prove-generali-di-sostituzione-etnica-in-italia-nel-2015-pi%C3%B9-di-100-mila-italian/10154534547787645.

349     another phrase Renaud Camus used  Renaud Camus writes, “The Great Replacement, ethnic substitution, the change of people and civilisation, is by far the biggest and most urgent problem Western countries have to face.” Renaud Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, (Plieux, France: Renaud Camus, 2018), 188. See also 23, 36, 62, 64, 66, 70, 83, 185. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

349     “big capital” . . . “for low-cost labor, slaves” Mediatime Network, “Giorgia Meloni Against Ethnic Substitution,” YouTube, January 29, 2017, youtu.be/4EzNi5PGbRA?si=V5pgowh_wJW3sWQ1, 0:01–1:08, via Google Translate. See also Carlo Canepa, “Every Time Meloni and Salvini Talked about ‘Ethnic Substitution,’” Pagella Politica, April 19, 2023, pagellapolitica-it.translate.goog/articoli/meloni-salvini-sostituzione-etnica. 

349     “It’s called ethnic substitution”  Mediatime Network, "Giorgia Meloni Against Ethnic Substitution," youtu.be/4EzNi5PGbRA?si=V5pgowh_wJW3sWQ1, 1:15–1:18.

349     “there is an ethnic substitution plan in Italy”  Vista Agenzia Televisiva Nazionale, “Ethnic Substitution, What Giorgia Meloni Said 6 Years Ago," YouTube, April 24, 2023, youtu.be/EgVdu6ZYgWY?si=Xzgueb2O8DjmzpJg, 0:12–0:15, via Google Translate.

349     “an accomplice of the uncontrolled immigration . . .” Giorgia Meloni, Twitter, February 3, 2017, 9:59 a.m., x.com/GiorgiaMeloni/status/827531927653646337, archived at archive.today, February 9, 2026 capture, archive.ph/wip/rUmvl.

349     “In fact, as any honest observer will acknowledge” President Meloni’s Letter to the Corriere della Sera Newspaper on Liberation Day,” Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Italian Government, April 25, 2023, www.governo.it/it/node/22468.

349     “the right-wing parties in parliament . . .” “President Meloni’s letter to the Corriere della Sera newspaper on Liberation Day,” www.governo.it/it/node/22468.

349     “Fascist leaders appeal to history to replace . . .”  Jason Stanley, How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them (New York: Random House, 2018), 21. Visit earch.worldcat.org/title/1144112665to find this book at a library.