Chapter 8: Who is France?

34    “Jobs have faded away . . .”  “Le Pen,” 60 Minutes, CBS, March 5, 2017, www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/, 2:37–2:44.

34    “who Le Pen says are draining . . .” “Le Pen,” 60 Minutes, www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/, 2:44–2:49.

34    “One of the concerns of many of your supporters . . .”  “Le Pen,” 60 Minutes, www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/, 2:50–2:57.

34    “It’s because of this massive immigration . . .” “Le Pen,” 60 Minutes, www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/, 2:57–3:04.

34    “There are a number of neighborhoods . . .” “Le Pen,” 60 Minutes, www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/, 3:04–3:10.

34    “France is still a country of . . .” “Le Pen,” 60 Minutes, www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/, 3:10–3:17.

34    Église Saint-Blaise, a small rural church  “Saint Blaise Church,” Commune de Mazille71, accessed August 5, 2025, www.mazille71.fr/eglise-saint-blaise-patrimoine/, via Google Translate.

34–35   “But immigrants now . . .” “and they’ve brought with them . . .” “Le Pen,” 60 Minutes, www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/, 3:17–3:35.

35     “Until the end of the nineteenth century . . .”  Renaud Camus, Le Grand Remplacement (Paris: Reinharc, 2011), trans. Grace Ashton (unpublished translation), 37. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

35     In the 1700s, Black seafarers  Charles R. Foy, “Eighteenth Century French Black Seamen,” Lumières 35, no. 1 (2020), shs.cairn.info/revue-lumieres-2020-1-page-17.

35     tens of thousands of people of African descent migrated to France  “An early estimate of the outmigration took place in 1803 when about 50,000 free Blacks left the Louisiana Territory for France after the area was sold to the United States.” “From Kentucky to France and Back, 1870-1920,” Notable Kentucky African Americans Database, University of Kentucky, accessed November 26, 2024,nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300004893.

35     began building the Great Mosque of Paris in 1922  Matthieu Mégevand, “One Hundred Years of the Grand Mosque of Paris, a Grandiose and Controversial Project,” Le Monde, October 29, 2022,www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2022/10/29/one-hundred-years-of-the-grand-mosque-of-paris-a-grandiose-and-controversial-project_6002187_7.html.

35     Fanon studied the “syndrome”  This essay first appeared in L’Esprit in February 1952. See Frantz Fanon, “The ‘North African Syndrome,’” in Fanon, Toward the African Revolution (Political Essays), trans. Haakon Chevalier (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967), 3–16. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/902389129.

35     falsely convicted a Jewish artillery captain  Ruth Harris, Dreyfus: Politics, Emotion, and the Scandal of the Century (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2010), 1; and “Captain Dreyfus’s Rating in 1894,” in “Alfred Dreyfus: 1859-1935,” Service historique de la Défense, Ministère des Armées, accessed August 6, 2025,www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/liste-dossiers-individuels/alfred-dreyfus-1859-1935,

via Google Translate. Find the Dreyfus library book atsearch.worldcat.org/pt/title/Dreyfus-:-politics-emotion-and-the-scandal-of-the-century/oclc/430839724.

35     degraded Alfred Dreyfus in the courtyard  Harris, Dreyfus, 1. Find the Dreyfus library book atsearch.worldcat.org/pt/title/Dreyfus-:-politics-emotion-and-the-scandal-of-the-century/oclc/430839724.

35     “Death to Judas, death to the Jew” Quoted in Harris, Dreyfus, 1. Find the Dreyfus library book atsearch.worldcat.org/pt/title/Dreyfus-:-politics-emotion-and-the-scandal-of-the-century/oclc/430839724.

35     confirmed that Jews were not France Jonathan Judaken, “The Jewish Question,” in Encyclopedia of Modern French Thought, ed. Christopher John Murray (New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004), 356; and Peter Davies, The Extreme Right in France, 1789 to the Present: From de Maistre to Le Pen (New York: Routledge, 2002), 73. Find the Encyclopedia library book atsearch.worldcat.org/th/title/encyclopedia-of-modern-french-thought/oclc/57354959.

Find the Extreme Right in France library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/52740387.

35     To Barrès, Jews were “unrooted” foreigners and  Davies, The Extreme Right in France, 1789 to the Present, 70; and David Carroll, French Literary Fascism: Nationalism, Anti-Semitism, and the Ideology of Culture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 28. Find the Extreme Right in France library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/52740387. Find the French Literary Fascism library book atsearch.worldcat.org/it/title/French-literary-fascism-:-nationalism-anti-Semitism-and-the-ideology-of-culture/oclc/30474525.

35     “Today, among us, new French people . . .” Maurice Barrès, “Les études nationalistes au Quartier Latin,” Le Journal, February 15, 1900, 1, Gallica, Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF),gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7625225g/f1.item.r=, via Google Translate.

35     “the decline in our birth rate”  Barrès, “Les études nationalistes au Quartier Latin,” 1,gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7625225g/f1.item.r=.

35     deaths of “our most active compatriots” . . . have permitted “the invasion . . .”  Barrès, “Les études nationalistes au Quartier Latin,” 1,gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7625225g/f1.item.r=.

36    real traitor: the non-Jewish major  Harris, Dreyfus, 18, 75–77. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/pt/title/Dreyfus-:-politics-emotion-and-the-scandal-of-the-century/oclc/430839724.

36    antisemitic operatives founded Action Française (French Action) F. L. Carsten, The Rise of Fascism (London: B. T. Batsford Ltd, 1967), 12–13. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/The-rise-of-fascism/oclc/369604.

36    “remade” as a monarchy  Maurice Pujo, “L’Action française,” 1898, quoted in Carsten, The Rise of Fascism, 12. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/The-rise-of-fascism/oclc/369604.

36    Loubet pardoned Dreyfus  Harris, Dreyfus, 3–4; and “Alfred Dreyfus: 1859-1935,” Service historique de la Défense, Ministère des Armées,www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/liste-dossiers-individuels/alfred-dreyfus-1859-1935. Find the Dreyfus library book atsearch.worldcat.org/pt/title/Dreyfus-:-politics-emotion-and-the-scandal-of-the-century/oclc/430839724

36    Maurras emerged as French Action’s leading voice  Carsten, The Rise of Fascism, 13. Find the library book at/search.worldcat.org/title/The-rise-of-fascism/oclc/369604.

36    raged about the “anti-France”  Charles Maurras quoted in Carsten, The Rise of Fascism, 13; and Maurras, “Hospitality,” L'Action française, July 6, 1912, Maurras.net,maurras.net/textes/148.html#p3, via Google Translate. Find the Rise of Fascism library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/The-rise-of-fascism/oclc/369604.

36    “The real question, the one that really arises . . .”  Maurras, “Hospitality,”maurras.net/textes/148.html#p3.

36    “It is perfectly clear that we will soon . . .”  Maurras, “Hospitality,”maurras.net/textes/148.html#p3.

36    as a “divine surprise”  Charles Maurras quoted in Elian Peltier, “France Rethinks Honor for Charles Maurras, Condemned as Anti-Semite,” New York Times, January 28, 2018,www.nytimes.com/2018/01/28/world/europe/france-charles-maurras.html.

36    blame World War II on Jews Maurras reportedly wrote, “The barbarous occupation of 1940 would not have taken place without the Jews of 1939, without their filthy war, the war they undertook and they declared: our occupiers were introduced by them, it was the Jews who launched us into catastrophe.” See Pema Levy, “Stephen Bannon Is a Fan of a French Philosopher . . .Who Was an Anti-Semite and a Nazi Supporter,” Mother Jones, March 16, 2017,www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/03/stephen-bannon-fan-french-anti-semite-who-sided-nazis/.

36    was arrested and sentenced  Peltier, “France Rethinks Honor for Charles Maurras, Condemned as Anti-Semite,”www.nytimes.com/2018/01/28/world/europe/france-charles-maurras.html.

36    admired Charles Maurras as well  Levy, “Stephen Bannon Is a Fan of a French Philosopher…Who Was an Anti-Semite and a Nazi Supporter,”www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/03/stephen-bannon-fan-french-anti-semite-who-sided-nazis/.

36    So did Jean-Marie Le Pen  Jim Wolfreys, “Rise of a Monster,” Jacobin, October 2, 2018,jacobin.com/2018/10/jean-marie-le-pen-front-national-memoir.

36    treading in the “footsteps” of Maurras  “Both think France has declined from a golden age,” Kuper wrote. “Her followers retell myths that have scarcely changed since Maurras’ day.” See Simon Kuper, “Macron, Le Pen and the Battle for the Idea of France,” Financial Times, May 4, 2017,www.ft.com/content/9720e6e2-2f89-11e7-9555-23ef563ecf9a.

36    referenced an article published in  Le Figaro   Kuper, “Macron, Le Pen and the Battle for the Idea of France,”www.ft.com/content/9720e6e2-2f89-11e7-9555-23ef563ecf9a.

36    “Three million vigorous, healthy . . .”  Figaro, 1927, quoted in Kuper, “Macron, Le Pen and the Battle for the Idea of France,”www.ft.com/content/9720e6e2-2f89-11e7-9555-23ef563ecf9a.

36    came from Italy, Poland, Spain, and Belgium  Paul Lawrence, “Naturalisations In France, 1927-1939: The Example of the Alpes De Haute Provence (Formerly the Basses-Alpes),” Institute of Historical Research, University of London School of Advanced Study, 1997, accessed October 30, 2025,sas-space.sas.ac.uk/4644/1/Naturalisations_In_France%2C_1927-1939__The_Example_Of_The_Alpes_De_Haute_Provence_%28Formerly_The_Basses-Alpes%29_by_Paul_Lawrence___Institute_of_Historical_Research.pdf, 2.

36    “to replace the French race in France . . .”  Figaro, 1927, quoted in Kuper, “Macron, Le Pen and the Battle for the Idea of France,”www.ft.com/content/9720e6e2-2f89-11e7-9555-23ef563ecf9a.

36    faced the prospect  See Charles de Gaulle quoted in Alain Peyrefitte, C’était de Gaulle, Vol. 1 (Paris: Le Grand Livre du Mois, 1995), 52, via Google Translate. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/fr/title/C'etait-de-Gaulle/oclc/1000096185.

36–37   “It’s very good that there are yellow French . . .”  de Gaulle quoted in Peyrefitte, C’était de Gaulle, 1:52. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/fr/title/C'etait-de-Gaulle/oclc/1000096185.

37     “plain phrases of wisdom and good sense”  Camus, Le Grand Remplacement, 24. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/es/title/Le-grand-remplacement/oclc/767578742.

37     “France isn’t burkinis on the beach” “Le Pen,” 60 Minutes,www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/, 3:41–3:44.

37     “France is Brigitte Bardot. That’s France.” “Le Pen,” 60 Minutes,www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/, 3:45–3:48.

37     married Jean-Marie Le Pen’s former adviser  Nadine Brozan, “Chronicle,” New York Times, October 16, 1992,nyti.ms/4kkp4i5, A23.

37     a close friendship with the elder Le Pen  Emily Zemler, “Brigitte Bardot Treated for Breathing Problems by Emergency Services in Saint-Tropez,” Rolling Stone, July 20, 2023,www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/brigitte-bardot-breathing-problems-emergency-services-1234792312/.

37     six times for “inciting racial hatred” Erin Vanderhoof, “Brigitte Bardot Is Handed Her Sixth Fine for ‘Inciting Racial Hatred,’” Vanity Fair, November 5, 2021,www.vanityfair.com/style/2021/11/brigitte-bardot-fined-for-inciting-racial-hatred.

37     eighty-seven years old, a court fined her  Vanderhoof, “Brigitte Bardot Is Handed Her Sixth Fine for ‘Inciting Racial Hatred,’”www.vanityfair.com/style/2021/11/brigitte-bardot-fined-for-inciting-racial-hatred.

37     “a degenerate population . . .”  Brigitte Bardot quoted in “Bardot Brands French Indian Ocean Islanders as ‘Savages,’” France 24, March 19, 2019,www.france24.com/en/20190319-bardot-brands-french-indian-ocean-islanders-savages.

37     “destroying us, destroying our country”  Bardot quoted in “Bardot Fined Over Racial Hatred,” BBC News, June 3, 2008,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7434193.stm.

37     “Should Muslim people be allowed to wear headscarves?” “Le Pen,” 60 Minutes,www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/, 3:48–3:51.

37     “No. I’m opposed to wearing . . .” “Le Pen,” 60 Minutes,www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/, 3:52–3:56.
           

37     “It’s not just headscarves” “Le Pen,” 60 Minutes,www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/, 4:10–4:11.

37     “Le Pen says she would ban yarmulkes in public” “Le Pen,” 60 Minutes,www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/, 4:11–4:14.

37     “any conspicuous symbol of religious belief” “Le Pen,” 60 Minutes,www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/, 4:14–4:17.

37–38   "Are crosses also affected?” Karim Rissouli quoted in Malo Tresca, “Marine Le Pen’s Variable Geometry Secularism,” La Croix, February 13, 2017,www.la-croix.com/Religion/France/La-laicite-geometrie-variable-Marine-Le-Pen-2017-02-13-1200824424, via Google Translate; and L’Emission politique, “Replay Integral: L’Emission politique, avec Marine Le Pen (France 2),” YouTube, February 9, 2017,www.youtube.com/live/tdAsfirstgc?si=QmuGQeNjdr-Cwf0W, 1:23:54–1:23:57, via Google Translate.

38    “Christian religions do not have conspicuous . . .” Marine Le Pen quoted in Tresca, “Marine Le Pen’s Variable Geometry Secularism,”www.la-croix.com/Religion/France/La-laicite-geometrie-variable-Marine-Le-Pen-2017-02-13-1200824424; and L’Emission politique, “REPLAY INTEGRAL,”www.youtube.com/live/tdAsfirstgc?si=QmuGQeNjdr-Cwf0W, 1:23:57–1:24:16.

38    banned Muslim girls from wearing headscarves  Sebastian Rotella, “French Assembly OKs Ban on Head Scarves in Schools,” Los Angeles Times, February 11, 2004,www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-feb-11-fg-scarves11-story.html; “French School to Rule on Sikh Pupils,” Al Jazeera, October 23, 2004,www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/10/23/french-school-to-rule-on-sikh-pupils; and “Veiling in France,” ReOrienting the Veil, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Center for European Studies, accessed August 6, 2025,veil.unc.edu/regions/france/.

38    a ban on full-face veils in public  Angelique Chrisafis, “France’s Burqa Ban: Women Are ‘Effectively Under House Arrest,’’’ The Guardian, September 19, 2011,www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/19/battle-for-the-burqa.

38    prohibited . . . from growing long beards and wearing veils  Katie Hunt et al., “Why China is banning beards and veils in Xinjiang,” CNN, March 21, 2017,www.cnn.com/2017/03/31/asia/china-xinjiang-new-rules.

38    instituted a burqa ban  “Dutch Ban on Burqas and Niqabs Takes Effect,” Al Jazeera, August 1, 2019,www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/8/1/dutch-ban-on-burqas-and-niqabs-takes-effect.

38    head off an Islamophobic great replacement party  Daniel Boffey, “Dutch ‘Burqa Ban’ Rendered Largely Unworkable on First Day,” The Guardian, August 1, 2019,www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/01/dutch-police-signal-unwillingness-enforce-new-burqa-ban.

38    proposal for banning full-face veils in public Richard Martyn-Hemphill, “Latvia Wants to Ban Face Veils, for All 3 Women Who Wear Them,” New York Times, April 19, 2016,www.nytimes.com/2016/04/20/world/europe/latvia-face-veils-muslims-immigration.html.

38    “A legislator’s task is to adopt preventive measures”  Dzintars Rasnacs quoted in Martyn-Hemphill, “Latvia Wants to Ban Face Veils, for All 3 Women Who Wear Them,”www.nytimes.com/2016/04/20/world/europe/latvia-face-veils-muslims-immigration.html.

38    estimated three women . . . of about two million people  Martyn-Hemphill, “Latvia Wants to Ban Face Veils, for All 3 Women Who Wear Them,”www.nytimes.com/2016/04/20/world/europe/latvia-face-veils-muslims-immigration.html. Latvia’s population at the beginning of 2016 was 1,969,000. “2016M01,” National Statistical System of Latvia, accessed August 7, 2025,data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRS010m/table/tableViewLayout1/.

38    "We do not only protect Latvian cultural-historical . . .”  Rasnacs quoted in Martyn-Hemphill, “Latvia Wants to Ban Face Veils, for All 3 Women Who Wear Them,”www.nytimes.com/2016/04/20/world/europe/latvia-face-veils-muslims-immigration.html.

38    “I’m not waging a religious war” “Le Pen,” 60 Minutes,www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/, 4:55–5:00.

38    “It’s clear that in France everyone . . .”  Le Pen,” 60 Minutes, 5:00–5:05,www.cbs.com/shows/video/W5gAaj5H4IwSI8AhN0pejoJlIb8UA25d/.

38    branches of Catholicism and Protestantism that warred  See “Five Centuries After Reformation, Catholic-Protestant Divide in Western Europe Has Faded,” Pew Research Center, August 31, 2017,www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/08/31/five-centuries-after-reformation-catholic-protestant-divide-in-western-europe-has-faded.