Chapter 40: Eurosceptic

167      “Nigel, good morning”  Georgia Pearce, “Nigel Farage Issues Warning to Sunak as He Attends Tory Conference for First Time in 36 Years,” GB News, video, October 2, 2023, updated October 3, 2023,” www.gbnews.com/politics/politics-nigel-farage-warning-rishi-sunak-tory-party-conference, 00:10–00:12.

167      “Good morning”  Pearce, “Nigel Farage Issues Warning to Sunak as He Attends Tory Conference for First Time in 36 Years,” video, www.gbnews.com/politics/politics-nigel-farage-warning-rishi-sunak-tory-party-conference, 00:10–00:12.

167      “largely responsible for the disastrous state . . .”  Renaud Camus, You Will Not Replace Us! (Plieux, France: Renaud Camus, 2018), 170. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

167      Some Eurosceptics are anti-capitalist or anti-austerity or pro-worker  Keshia Jacotine and Ben Wellings, “With or Without EU: Jeremy Corbyn and the Re-Emergence of Left-Wing Euroscepticism,” The Conversation, September 10, 2015, theconversation.com/with-or-without-eu-jeremy-corbyn-and-the-re-emergence-of-left-wing-euroscepticism-46626.

167      oppose increasing the power of the European Union  “What Is a Eurosceptic?” UK in a Changing Europe, King’s College London, updated September 21, 2020, ukandeu.ac.uk/the-facts/what-is-a-eurosceptic.

167      support withdrawing from the EU altogether  “What is a Eurosceptic?” ukandeu.ac.uk/the-facts/what-is-a-eurosceptic.

167      demand the abolition of the EU  Agence France-Presse,   “AfD Party Votes to Campaign for German Exit from EU,” The Guardian, January 13, 2019, www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/13/afd-party-to-campaign-for-german-exit-from-european-union; Tristan Fiedler, “Abolish the EU Parliament, Viktor Orbán Demands,” Politico, December 22, 2022, www.politico.eu/article/abolish-the-eu-parliament-says-hungarian-prime-minister-victor-orban; Sébastian Seibt, “Le Pen, Orban and the ‘Patriots for Europe’: Is the EU Being Undermined from Within?” France 24, July 9, 2024, www.france24.com/en/europe/20240709-le-pen-orban-and-the-patriots-for-europe-is-the-eu-being-undermined-from-within.

167      “What is at stake in this election is the continuity . . .”  Marine Le Pen quoted in Jon Henley, “Marine Le Pen Promises Liberation from the EU with France-First Policies,” The Guardian, February 5, 2017, www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/05/marine-le-pen-promises-liberation-from-the-eu-with-france-first-policies.

167      “The European Union rejects Christian heritage . . .” “Speech by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán at the 32nd Bálványos Summer Free University and Student Camp. 22 July 2023, Tusnádfürdő [Băile Tuşnad],” Embassy of Hungary Bucharest, July 22, 2023, bukarest.mfa.gov.hu/eng/news/speech-by-prime-minister-viktor-orban-at-the-32nd-balvanyos-summer-free-university-and-student-camp.

167      “care much about the preservation . . .”  “Speech: Geert Wilders, ‘The Europe We Want,’” GeertWiders.nl, September 2, 2017, transcribed by Sebastian Kruis, www.geertwilders.nl/in-de-media-mainmenu-74/nieuws-mainmenu-114/94-english/2066-speech-geert-wilders-the-europe-we-want.

167      “European civilization” . . . “is the best civilization on earth”  “Speech: Geert Wilders, ‘The Europe We Want,’” www.geertwilders.nl/in-de-media-mainmenu-74/nieuws-mainmenu-114/94-english/2066-speech-geert-wilders-the-europe-we-want.

167      has been a longtime skeptic of . . . the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) See Ilan Ben-Meir, “That Time Trump Spent Nearly $100,000 on an Ad Criticizing U.S. Foreign Policy in 1987,” BuzzFeed News, July 10, 2015, www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ilanbenmeir/that-time-trump-spent-nearly-100000-on-an-ad-criticizing-us; Philip Bump, “Trump’s NATO Isolationism Is at Least 30 Years Old,” Washington Post, January 15, 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/01/15/trumps-nato-isolationism-is-least-years-old; and Julian E. Barnes and Helene Cooper, “Trump Discussed Pulling U.S. From NATO, Aides Say Amid New Concerns Over Russia,” New York Times, January 14, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/us/politics/nato-president-trump.html.

167      founded in 1949 to establish peace after World War II  “The North Atlantic Treaty,” North Atlantic Treaty Organization, April 4, 1949, updated October 19, 2023, https://www.nato.int/en/about-us/official-texts-and-resources/official-texts/1949/04/04/the-north-atlantic-treaty.

168      agreed to retaliate on each other’s behalf in the event of war  “The North Atlantic Treaty,” North Atlantic Treaty Organization, https://www.nato.int/en/about-us/official-texts-and-resources/official-texts/1949/04/04/the-north-atlantic-treaty.

168      founded in 2008 and modeled after the EU “Once-Ambitious South American Bloc Could Lose Headquarters,” Associated Press (AP) News, July 5, 2018, apnews.com/general-news-ebc07027f215423da983d9a0bb50cd6e.

168      “only increase international bureaucracy”  José Antonio Kast quoted in Cristián Torres, “José Antonio Kast: “Pinochet Left the Dictatorship with Democratic Elections, Which Daniel Ortega Did Not Do,” Infobae, November 16, 2021, www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2021/11/16/jose-antonio-kast-pinochet-salio-de-la-dictadura-con-elecciones-democraticas-lo-que-no-hizo-daniel-ortega, via Google Translate.           

168      withdrew Brazil from the “totalitarian” UNASUR  Andreia Verdélio, “Brazil Officially Leaves Unasur to Join Prosur,” April 17, 2019, agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/internacional/noticia/2019-04/brazil-officially-leaves-unasur-join-prosur; and Jair Bolsonaro, Twitter, March 23, 2019, 6:56 a.m., x.com/jairbolsonaro/status/1109408486578941952, via Google Translate. Tweet archived at archive.today, February 9, 2026 capture, archive.ph/wip/moXZA.

168      announced Nazi Germany’s withdrawal from the League of Nations  Harold A. Peters, “Germany Withdraws from League of Nations, Disarmament Pact,” United Press International (UPI), October 14, 1933, www.upi.com/Archives/1933/10/14/Germany-withdraws-from-League-of-Nations-disarmament-pact/5411430087122/; and “Foreign Policy and the Road to War,” The Holocaust Explained, Wiener Holocaust Library, accessed January 29, 2025, www.theholocaustexplained.org/life-in-nazi-occupied-europe/foreign-policy-and-the-road-to-war/early-nazi-foreign-policy.

168      “United States of Europe,” first proposed . . . Winston Churchill first wrote about the concept of “the United States of Europe” in an article published by the same title in the February 15, 1930, edition of the Saturday Evening Post. Winston Churchill quoted in Allen Packwood, “Churchill and the United States of Europe, 1904–1948,” Comillas Journal of International Relations 7 (2016), revistas.comillas.edu/index.php/internationalrelations/article/view/7535, 1, 3–4. He formally proposed the idea in 1946. Winston Churchill, “United States of Europe,” September 19, 1946, International Churchill Society, winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1946-1963-elder-statesman/united-states-of-europe/.

168      UK being associated with but not part of . . .  Packwood, “Churchill and the United States of Europe, 1904-1948,” revistas.comillas.edu/index.php/internationalrelations/article/view/7535, 4.

168      had conquered or occupied Austria, Czechoslovakia . . .  “German Occupation and Alliances,” The Holocaust Explained, The Wiener Holocaust Library, accessed January 27, 2025, www.theholocaustexplained.org/life-in-nazi-occupied-europe/occupation-case-studies; “Austria Marks 80 Years Since Nazi Annexation,” Deutsche Welle (DW), March 12, 2018, www.dw.com/en/austria-marks-80-years-since-nazi-germany-annexation/a-42935913; “Denmark,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, accessed January 27, 2025, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/denmark; Thomas Berthol, “How the Americans Liberated Luxembourg in September 1944,” Luxembourg Times, September 10, 2024, www.luxtimes.lu/luxembourg/how-the-americans-liberated-luxembourg-in-september-1944/19662111.html; and “Axis Invasion of Yugoslavia,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed January 27, 2025, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/axis-invasion-of-yugoslavia.

168      transformed conquered European nations  “Nazi Imperialism: An Overview,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, updated August 2, 2019, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nazi-imperialism-an-overview.

168      seized natural resources  “Lebensraum,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed January 28, 2025, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/lebensraum; “German Rule in Occupied Europe,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed January 29, 2025. encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-rule-in-occupied-europe; Kaitlin Smith, “Examining Nazi Environmentalism During Earth Week,” Facing History & Ourselves, April 25, 2019, www.facinghistory.org/ideas-week/examining-nazi-environmentalism-during-earth-week; and Nancy Bazilchuk, “Hermann Göring’s Luftwaffe and the $6 Billion Deal,” Norwegian SciTech News, March 17, 2022, norwegianscitechnews.com/2022/03/hermann-gorings-luftwaffe-and-the-6-billion-deal.

168      locked predominantly White populations into forced labor  Marc Buggeln, “Slave Labor in Nazi Germany,” in The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery Throughout History, eds. Damian A. Pargas and Juliane Schiel (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2023), 605–610. Access the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1383662238. “Forced Labor: An Overview,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed January 28, 2025, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/forced-labor-an-overview; “Nazi Forced Labor Policy in Eastern Europe,” National WWII Museum (New Orleans), March 14, 2022, www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/nazi-forced-labor-policy-eastern-europe; and “German Rule in Occupied Europe,” encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-rule-in-occupied-europe.

168      decimated whole towns to make way for German settler colonizers  “Polish Victims,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed January 29, 2025, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/polish-victims; Filip Mazurczak, “The Polish Town 97% Destroyed in WWII Which Then Rose from the Ashes,” Notes from Poland, December 11, 2024, notesfrompoland.com/2024/12/11/the-polish-town-97-destroyed-in-wwii-which-then-rose-from-the-ashes; and “German Rule in Occupied Europe,” encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-rule-in-occupied-europe.

168      rounded up and exterminated Jews, Roma, Slavs, and other “undesirables” “How Many People Did the Nazis Murder?” Holocaust Encyclopedia, updated September 26, 2023, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution; “ and “What Groups of People Did the Nazis Target?” Holocaust Encyclopedia, updated April 4, 2024, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/what-groups-of-people-did-the-nazis-target.

168      founded an anti-Nazi group called the “European Union”  Reuters, “Israel Honors Memory of Anti-Nazi Group ‘European Union,’” Haaretz, June 19, 2006, www.haaretz.com/2006-06-19/ty-article/israel-honors-memory-of-anti-nazi-group-european-union/0000017f-db32-df62-a9ff-dff74e3a0000.

168      secretly operated . . . until the Gestapo crushed it with arrests and executions  Reuters, “Israel Honors Memory of Anti-Nazi Group ‘European Union,’” www.haaretz.com/2006-06-19/ty-article/israel-honors-memory-of-anti-nazi-group-european-union/0000017f-db32-df62-a9ff-dff74e3a0000.

169      had Nigel Farage on an episode of his show . . .  Believe In Brexit Britain, “Alex Jones Interviews Nigel Farage on Russia, Christians and WWIII,” YouTube, April 13, 2018, youtu.be/XM6Hfe297bg?si=Rh1OMHEx4Yb-0L05.

169      sued Jones  Matthew Haag, “Sandy Hook Parents Sue Alex Jones for Defamation,” New York Times, April 17, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/04/17/business/media/alex-jones-sandy-hook.html.

169      “giant hoax”  Alex Jones quoted in Haag, “Sandy Hook Parents Sue Alex Jones for Defamation,” www.nytimes.com/2018/04/17/business/media/alex-jones-sandy-hook.html.

169      massacred twenty children, six educators, his mother, and himself  “9 Years After Sandy Hook, the Victims’ Memories Still Endure,” CNN, December 14, 2021, www.cnn.com/2021/12/14/us/sandy-hook-shooting-victims-9th-anniversary; and “Documents shed light on Sandy Hook shooter Adam Lanza's tortured mind,” CBS News, December 10, 2018, www.cbsnews.com/news/sandy-hook-newtown-connecticut-shooter-adam-lanza-tortured-mind-documents-shed-light.

169      “Why is the left allied with . . .”  Believe In Brexit Britain, “Alex Jones Interviews Nigel Farage on Russia, Christians and WWIII,” youtu.be/XM6Hfe297bg?si=Rh1OMHEx4Yb-0L05, 6:15–6:18.

169      “Because they hate Christianity”  Believe In Brexit Britain, “Alex Jones Interviews Nigel Farage on Russia, Christians and WWIII,” youtu.be/XM6Hfe297bg?si=Rh1OMHEx4Yb-0L05, 6:19-6:21.

169      “They deny, absolutely, our Judeo-Christian culture . . .”  Believe In Brexit Britain, “Alex Jones Interviews Nigel Farage on Russia, Christians and WWIII,” youtu.be/XM6Hfe297bg?si=Rh1OMHEx4Yb-0L05, 6:23-6:47.

169      began with the Treaty of Rome, originally signed by . . .  John Paxton, A Dictionary of the European Economic Community (New York: Facts on File, 1977), 219. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/2837110.

169      established the European Economic Community (EEC)  Paxton, A Dictionary of the European Economic Community, 219. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/2837110.

169      “freedom of movement for persons, services and capital”  Kai Gereon Spitzer and Ronny Mazzocchi, “Financial Services Policy,” Fact Sheets on the European Union, European Parliament, accessed January 29, 2025,  www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/83/financial-services-policy.

169      announced in July 1961 that it would seek EEC membership  Robert Dewey, British National Identity and Opposition to Membership of Europe, 1961–63: The Anti-Marketeers (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2009), 4. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/808600295.

169      blocked Britain’s membership in January 1963  Dewey, British National Identity and Opposition to Membership of Europe, 1961–63, 4. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/808600295.

169      faced . . . from the British National Party, co-founded in 1960 by John Tyndall  Dewey, British National Identity and Opposition to Membership of Europe, 1961–63, 149. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/808600295.

169      formed the National Socialist Movement on Hitler’s birthday in 1962  Dewey, British National Identity and Opposition to Membership of Europe, 1961–63, 149. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/808600295. “1959–1962,” BNP: Under the Skin, BBC News, accessed September 2, 2025, news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/programmes/2001/bnp_special/roots/1959.stm.

169      opposed the UK’s bid  Dewey, British National Identity and Opposition to Membership of Europe, 1961–63, 148. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/808600295.

169–170 “avowedly imperial and racist creed . . .”  Dewey, British National Identity and Opposition to Membership of Europe, 1961–63, 148. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/808600295.

170      included communists, Jews, Black people, and international organizations  Dewey, British National Identity and Opposition to Membership of Europe, 1961–63, 148. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/808600295.

170      joined the European Economic Community in 1973  Paxton, A Dictionary of the European Economic Community, 2. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/2837110.

170      held its first ever national referendum two years later, on . . .  Harold D. Clarke et al., Brexit: Why Britain Voted to Leave the European Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 1. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/971531188.

170      urged British voters to leave Sean Meleady, “Britain’s Post-War Fascist Pro-Europeans,” New World, November 4, 2021, www.thenewworld.co.uk/oswald-mosley-british-fascist-and-pro-european/.

170      “Make Britain Great Again” See “‘Make Britain Great Again,’ National Front, 1976,” poster, in “Beware this Poison”: Fighting Fascism in 1970s Britain, Wiener Holocaust Library, exhibitions.wienerholocaustlibrary.org/beware-this-poison/.

170      united many different groups renovating Nazism . . . including  Martin Walker, “The National Front,” in Multi-Party Britain, ed. H. M. Drucker (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1979), 183–184. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/6021386.

170      “claimed that the European Economic Community was a threat . . .” Meleady, “Britain’s Post-War Fascist Pro-Europeans,” www.thenewworld.co.uk/oswald-mosley-british-fascist-and-pro-european/.

170      voted to remain in the European Economic Community  Clarke et al., Brexit, 1. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/971531188.

170      the Single European Act (SEA) in 1986  See “Single European Act,” Bulletin of the European Communities Supplement 2/86, 1986, Archive of European Integration, University of Pittsburgh, accessed December 10, 2024, aei.pitt.edu/8582/1/8582.pdf.

170      the waystation to the EU Foreshadowing the creation of the European Union in 1993, the Single European Act preamble stated signatories’ intent “to transform relations as a whole among their States into a European Union,” with “economic integration and political cooperation.” “Single European Act,” aei.pitt.edu/8582/1/8582.pdf, 5.