Chapter 35: Destroy Our Country

144      “We have many things that unite us . . .”  CNN Chile, “Debate presidencial Anatel 2021,” www.youtube.com/live/hF-H0sIK_gU?si=oOYqVCftlItaQNL3, 15:15–15:19.

144      “We are united by freedom of conscience . . .”  CNN Chile, “Debate presidencial Anatel 2021,” www.youtube.com/live/hF-H0sIK_gU?si=oOYqVCftlItaQNL3, 15:19–15:27.

144      “will finally end up positioning ourselves . . .”  CNN Chile, “Debate presidencial Anatel 2021,” www.youtube.com/live/hF-H0sIK_gU?si=oOYqVCftlItaQNL3, 15:33–15:42.

144      “We are going to talk about that issue” CNN Chile, “Debate presidencial Anatel 2021,” www.youtube.com/live/hF-H0sIK_gU?si=oOYqVCftlItaQNL3, 15:57–15:58.

144      “But you know you put the Pinochet . . .”  CNN Chile, “Debate presidencial Anatel 2021,” 16:02–16:05, www.youtube.com/live/hF-H0sIK_gU?si=oOYqVCftlItaQNL3.

144      member of the Unión Demócrata Independiente  Carole Concha Bell, “Far Right Holds Chile Hostage,” NACLA, May 23, 2023, nacla.org/chile-held-hostage-far-right.

144      founded by a Pinochet ally in 1983 Jonathan Franklin, “Godfathers of Chilean Right Charged with Tax Fraud, Bribery and Money Laundering,” The Guardian, March 4, 2015, www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/chile-right-fraud-bribery-money-laundering-pinochet.

144      the leading political party  Carlos Huneeus, “The Defeat of the Concertación Coalition and the Alternation of Power in Chile (ARI),” Elcano Royal Institute, March 5, 2010, www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/analyses/the-defeat-of-the-concertacion-coalition-and-the-alternation-of-power-in-chile-ari/.

144      party’s popularity faded in 2015  News of the Penta scandal broke in August 2014. CERC-MORI polls revealed that “the UDI became the party with the highest rejection rate in January 2015, increasing four points compared to October 2014, reaching 25%.” “CERC-MORI Survey: UDI Reaches Highest Level of Rejection After Penta Case,” El Desconcierto, January 21, 2015, eldesconcierto.cl/2015/01/21/encuesta-cerc-mori-udi-alcanza-mayor-nivel-de-rechazo-tras-caso-penta, via Google Translate. For early reporting on the scandal, see “The Black Box of Political Funds That Shakes the UDI,” CIPER Chile, September 30, 2014, www.ciperchile.cl/2014/09/30/la-caja-negra-de-las-platas-politicas-que-sacude-a-la-udi/, via Google Translate.

144      when bank executives at Banco Penta were formally charged with . . .  “Campaign Finance Scandal Causes Waves in Chile as Case Hit Courts,” Reuters, March 4, 2015, www.reuters.com/article/markets/us/campaign-finance-scandal-causes-waves-in-chile-as-case-hit-courts-idUSL5N0W65EX/.

144      Marambio . . . donated $2 million to Kast’s campaign “Court Orders Monthly Signature and National Arrest Warrants Against Former Penta Group Executives for Forward Contracts,” La Tercera, September 14, 2015, www.latercera.com/noticia/tribunal-decreta-firma-mensual-y-arraigo-nacional-contra-ex-ejecutivos-del-grupo-penta-por-contratos-forwards, via Google Translate; and “The Former Executive Convicted in the Penta Case Who Contributed to José Antonio Kast’s Campaign,” El Mostrador, October 15, 2021, www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/sin-editar/2021/10/15/el-exejecutivo-condenado-en-el-caso-penta-que-aporto-a-la-campana-de-jose-antonio-kast/, via Google Translate.

144      contributed $10 million  “The Former Executive Convicted in the Penta Case Who Contributed to José Antonio Kast’s Campaign,” www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/sin-editar/2021/10/15/el-exejecutivo-condenado-en-el-caso-penta-que-aporto-a-la-campana-de-jose-antonio-kast/.

144–145  resigning from the UDI in protest—because the UDI began to turn on . . . Pinochet  Bell, “Far Right Holds Chile Hostage,” nacla.org/chile-held-hostage-far-right.         

145      never stood trial . . . before he died on Human Rights Day  Blake Hounshell, “Pinochet died on Human Rights Day. Perfect,” Foreign Policy, December 11, 2006, foreignpolicy.com/2006/12/11/pinochet-died-on-human-rights-day-perfect/.

145      announced a rush-hour fare hike  Charis McGowan, “Chile Protests: What Prompted the Unrest?” Al Jazeera, October 30, 2019, www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/30/chile-protests-what-prompted-the-unrest.

145      the most unequal country . . . where half of Chilean workers earned less than $550  Mark Johanson, “How a $0.04 Metro Fare Price Hike Sparked Massive Unrest in Chile,” Vox, October 29, 2019, www.vox.com/world/2019/10/29/20938402/santiago-chile-protests-2019-riots-metro-fare-pinera.

145      demonstrate against the fare hike, low pensions, and the lack of public services Johanson, “How a $0.04 Metro Fare Price Hike Sparked Massive Unrest in Chile,” www.vox.com/world/2019/10/29/20938402/santiago-chile-protests-2019-riots-metro-fare-pinera.

145      more than one million Chileans assembled . . . at Santiago’s Plaza Italia  Johanson, “How a $0.04 Metro Fare Price Hike Sparked Massive Unrest in Chile,” www.vox.com/world/2019/10/29/20938402/santiago-chile-protests-2019-riots-metro-fare-pinera.

145      To the rhythms of banging pots and pans  Johanson, “How a $0.04 Metro Fare Price Hike Sparked Massive Unrest in Chile,” www.vox.com/world/2019/10/29/20938402/santiago-chile-protests-2019-riots-metro-fare-pinera.

145      “CHILE WOKE UP”  A large banner with this phrase in Spanish can be seen in “Chile: The Largest March,” Página 12, October 25, 2019, /www.pagina12.com.ar/227399-chile-la-marcha-mas-grande, via Google Translate. Translation provided in Johanson, “How a $0.04 Metro Fare Price Hike Sparked Massive Unrest in Chile,” www.vox.com/world/2019/10/29/20938402/santiago-chile-protests-2019-riots-metro-fare-pinera.

145      the largest demonstration in Chilean history Johanson, “How a $0.04 Metro Fare Price Hike Sparked Massive Unrest in Chile,” www.vox.com/world/2019/10/29/20938402/santiago-chile-protests-2019-riots-metro-fare-pinera.

145      “at war with a powerful, implacable enemy” Sebastián Piñera quoted in Johanson, “How a $0.04 Metro Fare Price Hike Sparked Massive Unrest in Chile,” www.vox.com/world/2019/10/29/20938402/santiago-chile-protests-2019-riots-metro-fare-pinera.

145      sending 20,000 Chilean troops into the streets  Johanson, “How a $0.04 Metro Fare Price Hike Sparked Massive Unrest in Chile,” www.vox.com/world/2019/10/29/20938402/santiago-chile-protests-2019-riots-metro-fare-pinera.

145      had been a prominent critic of Piñera’s . . . helped negotiate the deal . . .  Brendan O’Boyle, “Four Ways Chile’s Protests Could Reshape Its Politics,” Americas Quarterly, November 1, 2019, www.americasquarterly.org/article/four-ways-chiles-protests-could-reshape-its-politics/; and James Gerardo Lamb, “Chile: A Social Explosion,” Berkeley Review of Latin American Studies (Fall 2020), clacs.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/publications/brlasfall2020-lamb_0.pdf, 31, 55–62.

145      characterized the demonstrators as “terrorists”  José Antonio Kast, October 18, 2019, x.com/joseantoniokast/status/1185362252775546880, archived at archive.today, February 9, 2026 capture, archive.ph/NBsGU.

145      did Wall Street Journal columnist Mary Anastasia O’Grady  Mary Anastasia O’Grady, “Opinion: Chile May Have a Future After All,” Wall Street Journal, June 25, 2023, www.wsj.com/articles/chile-may-have-a-future-after-all-jose-antonio-kast-violence-protest-free-market-south-america-6b06f7ca.

145      “anti-patriots” and looters  José Antonio Kast Rist, Twitter, October 19, 2019, 8:03 p.m., x.com/joseantoniokast/status/1185708062792925184, archived at archive.today, February 9, 2026 capture, archive.ph/LdpBa.

145      campaigned on enhancing the power of Pinochet’s anti-terrorism law José Antonio Kast Rist, Atrévete Chile, September 2021, accessed via Wayback Machine, September 22, 2021 capture, web.archive.org/web/20210922100118/https://presidenciales2021.servel.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/PROGRAMA-JOSE-ANTONIO-KAST-RIST.pdf, 62–64, via Google Translate.

145–146  proposed establishing . . . “fight against terrorism, drug trafficking and crime”  Kast, Atrévete Chile, web.archive.org/web/20210922100118/https://presidenciales2021.servel.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/PROGRAMA-JOSE-ANTONIO-KAST-RIST.pdf, 23.

146      “I share what José Antonio Kast says . . .” CNN Chile, “Debate presidencial Anatel 2021,” www.youtube.com/live/hF-H0sIK_gU?si=oOYqVCftlItaQNL3, 17:10–17:14.

146      “negotiate with terrorists in Araucanía . . .”  CNN Chile, “Debate presidencial Anatel 2021,” www.youtube.com/live/hF-H0sIK_gU?si=oOYqVCftlItaQNL3, 32:59–33:07.

146      have prosecuted Mapuche people as “terrorists”  Noah Bialostozky, “The Misuse of Terrorism Prosecution in Chile: The Need for Discrete Consideration of Minority and Indigenous Group Treatment in Rule of Law Analyses,” Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights 6, no. 1 (Fall 2008), scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=njihr, 82–83.

146      Indigenous inhabitants of the Southern Cone . . . arrived in 1541 Bialostozky, “The Misuse of Terrorism Prosecution in Chile,” scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=njihr, note 1 on 80.

146      have been resisting settler colonialism ever since Bialostozky, “The Misuse of Terrorism Prosecution in Chile,” scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=njihr, 80–81.

146      stop deploying Pinochet’s anti-terrorism law to criminalize the Mapuche people  In 2017, UN experts urged “Chile not to prosecute Mapuche indigenous peoples under the country’s anti-terrorism legislation.” In 2018, Amnesty International pressed Chile to “stop using the Anti-Terrorism Law to criminalize the Indigenous Mapuche people.” Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), “UN Experts Urge Chile Not to Use Anti-Terrorism Law Against Mapuche Indigenous Peoples,” press release, October 6, 2017, www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2017/10/un-experts-urge-chile-not-use-anti-terrorism-law-against-mapuche-indigenous; and Amnesty International, “Chile: Authorities must stop criminalizing Indigenous Mapuche people under the Anti-Terrorism Law,” May 5, 2018, www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/chile-autoridades-deben-dejar-de-criminalizar-personas-mapuches-a-traves-de-ley-antiterrorista/.

146      “merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare . . .” Thomas Jefferson, “Declaration of Independence: A Transcription,” July 4, 1776, America’s Founding Documents, National Archives, www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript.

146      “present King of Great Britain” . . “domestic insurrections amongst us” . . . “to bring on . . .” Jefferson, “Declaration of Independence,” www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript.

147      “What I am going to do is to dedicate . . .”  Kast, Atrévete Chile, web.archive.org/web/20210922100118/https://presidenciales2021.servel.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/PROGRAMA-JOSE-ANTONIO-KAST-RIST.pdf, 22.