Chapter 4: 2011

17     2007 Pew Research Center survey showed For Black and White respondents’ answers to this question dating back to the 1980s, see “Are Blacks Better Off Now Than Five Years Ago?” in Pew Research Center, Blacks See Growing Values Gap Between Poor and Middle Class: Optimism about Black Progress Declines, November 13, 2007,www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2010/10/Race-2007.pdf, 2.

17     believe racial progress had come at their expense Michael I. Norton and Samuel R. Sommers, “Whites See Racism as a Zero-Sum Game That They Are Now Losing,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 6, no. 3 (May 2011), 217. Access the journal article atwww.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/norton%20sommers%20whites%20see%20racism_ca92b4be-cab9-491d-8a87-cf1c6ff244ad.pdf.

17     racism as “a zero-sum game . . .”

Norton and Sommers, “Whites See Racism as a Zero-Sum Game That They Are Now Losing,” 215,www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/norton%20sommers%20whites%20see%20racism_ca92b4be-cab9-491d-8a87-cf1c6ff244ad.pdf.

17     “Moreover, these changes in Whites’ conceptions . . .”  Norton and Sommers, “Whites See Racism as a Zero-Sum Game That They Are Now Losing,” 215,www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/norton%20sommers%20whites%20see%20racism_ca92b4be-cab9-491d-8a87-cf1c6ff244ad.pdf.

17–18 epigraph for this groundbreaking study  Norton and Sommers, “Whites See Racism as a Zero-Sum Game That They Are Now Losing,” 215,www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/norton%20sommers%20whites%20see%20racism_ca92b4be-cab9-491d-8a87-cf1c6ff244ad.pdf.

18     Sotomayor’s Supreme Court confirmation hearing, Sessions disparaged  See “Opening Statement: Sen. Jeff Sessions,” Special Series: Sonia Sotomayor’s Supreme Court Nomination, NPR, July 13, 2009,www.npr.org/2009/07/13/106540813/opening-statement-sen-jeff-sessions; and Raymond Hernandez and David W. Chen, “Nominee’s Links With Advocates Fuel Her Critics,” New York Times, May 28, 2009,www.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/us/politics/29puerto.html.

18     “Empathy for one party . . .”  “Opening Statement: Sen. Jeff Sessions,” Special Series: Sonia Sotomayor’s Supreme Court Nomination,www.npr.org/2009/07/13/106540813/opening-statement-sen-jeff-sessions.

18     the “zero-sum story”  For an introduction to the “zero-sum” concept and its history, see Heather McGhee, The Sum of Us: What Racism Costs Everyone and How We Can Prosper Together (New York: One World, 2021), 1–15. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1281138006.

18     lost out when towns  closed  McGhee, The Sum of Us, 17–28. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1281138006.

18     face escalating costs  McGhee, The Sum of Us, xviii–xxiii, 28–39. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1281138006.

18     three false propositions  McGhee, The Sum of Us, xviii. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1281138006.

18     “the presence of more people of color” is “a threat to their status”  McGhee, The Sum of Us, xviii. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1281138006.

18     “racial groups” are “in a direct competition” McGhee, The Sum of Us, xviii. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1281138006.

18     “progress for one group” is “an automatic threat to another”  McGhee, The Sum of Us, xviii. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1281138006.

18     “the logical extension of the zero-sum story . . .”  McGhee, The Sum of Us, xxi. Find the library book atsearch.worldcat.org/title/1281138006.

18     “world” . . . “one being feeds on another and . . .” Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, trans. Ralph Manheim (1943; Boston, MA: Mariner Books, 1999),archive.org/details/mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-ralph-manheim-translation/page/676/mode/2up, 676.