Chapter 27: Definitions

117       I have been racist or reinforced racism  See, for example, Ibram X. Kendi, How to Be an Antiracist, rev. ed. (New York: One World, 2023), 3–13, 134–167. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1371058747.

117       I define racism  See also Kendi, How to Be an Antiracist, 26. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1371058747.

117       I define racist See also Kendi, How to Be an Antiracist, 15. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1371058747.

117       Racist is not a fixed identity “‘Racist’ and ‘antiracist’ are like peelable name tags that are placed and replaced based on what someone is doing or not doing, supporting or expressing in each moment. These are not permanent tattoos. No one becomes a racist or antiracist. We can only strive to be one or the other in each moment.” Kendi, How to Be an Antiracist, 29. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1371058747.

117       “prejudice plus power”  Patricia A. Bidol (now Bidol-Padva), then the superintendent of Michigan schools, introduced the definition of racism as “prejudice plus institutional power” in 1970. Patricia A. Bidol, Developing New Perspectives on Race: An Innovative Multi-Media Social Studies Curriculum in Race Relations for the Secondary Level (Detroit: New Detroit, 1970). Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/10579499?oclcNum=10579499. A. Sivanandan, Communities of Resistance: Writings on Black Struggles for Socialism (London: Verso, 1990), 99. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/22178403.

117       “a form of prejudice that generally includes . . .” American Psychological Association, “Racism, bias, and discrimination,” accessed January 16, 2025, www.apa.org/topics/racism-bias-discrimination.

117       racial “discrimination” as “treating someone . . ." U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, “Race/Color Discrimination,” accessed January 16, 2025, www.eeoc.gov/racecolor-discrimination.

117       a racist policy that needlessly requires candidates to be college graduates See Ryan Craig and Monica Herk, “Degree Requirements Make Hiring Less Diverse. Here’s How to Fix That,” Fortune, September 17, 2018, accessed via Wayback Machine, September 17, 2018 capture, web.archive.org/web/20180917190411/https://fortune.com/2018/09/17/hiring-college-degree-labor-market/.

117       candidate pool that is disproportionately White  According to Stronger Nation, the Lumina Foundation’s education attainment data tracker, 41.7 percent of White adults over the age of twenty-five in the U.S. have a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared to 26.3 percent of Black adults, 21.6 percent of Hispanic adults, and 16.7 percent of American Indian or Alaska Native adults. See Lumina Foundation, “America’s Progress: Racial Equity,” A Stronger Nation, accessed January 16, 2025, www.luminafoundation.org/stronger-nation/report/#/progress/racial_equity.

117       the grandfather clauses, poll taxes, and literacy tests  “In Mississippi, where almost 70 percent of black male voters were registered to vote in 1867, only 9,000 of the 147,000 [roughly 6 percent] African Americans of voting age were allowed a qualification to vote in 1890. In Louisiana, where after the Civil War African Americans made up 44 percent of the registered voters, the disfranchisement was even more extreme: by 1920, the black vote was reduced from 130,000 registered African American male voters to 1,342, a mere 1 percent of voters.” Marsha J. Tyson Darling, “A Right Deferred: African American Voter Suppression after Reconstruction,” Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, accessed January 16, 2025, www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/essays/right-deferred-african-american-voter-suppression-after-reconstruction. For a comprehensive state-by-state breakdown of disenfranchisement, see Michael Perman, Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001). Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/52415814.