Chapter 18: Who Is Freer?

80       accuses . . . of silencing, suppressing, and putting at risk . . . “‘Tucker Carlson Tonight’ on Vaccines, Hungary Prime Minister Interview,” www.foxnews.com/transcript/tucker-carlson-tonight-on-vaccines-hungary-prime-minister-interview, 2:10–2:34.

80       “But it is unknown in Hungary” “‘Tucker Carlson Tonight’ on Vaccines, Hungary Prime Minister Interview,” www.foxnews.com/transcript/tucker-carlson-tonight-on-vaccines-hungary-prime-minister-interview, 2:34–2:36.

80       “Opposition figures here don’t worry . . .” “‘Tucker Carlson Tonight’ on Vaccines, Hungary Prime Minister Interview,” www.foxnews.com/transcript/tucker-carlson-tonight-on-vaccines-hungary-prime-minister-interview, 2:36–2:40.

80       “So who is freer?” “‘Tucker Carlson Tonight’ on Vaccines, Hungary Prime Minister Interview,” www.foxnews.com/transcript/tucker-carlson-tonight-on-vaccines-hungary-prime-minister-interview, 2:44–2:46.

80       Roma people are  Ágnes Kende, “How Many Gypsies Live in Hungary?” Quibit, July 19, 2022, qubit.hu/2022/07/19/hany-cigany-el-magyarorszagon, via Google Translate.

80       Hungary does not collect racial data  Amanda Shendruk, “Are You Even Trying to Stop Racism if You Don’t Collect Data on Race?” Quartz, July 8, 2021, qz.com/2029525/the-20-countries-that-dont-collect-racial-and-ethnic-census-data.

80       thirty of the thirty-eight . . . did not collect racial data  Shendruk, “Are You Even Trying to Stop Racism If You Don’t Collect Data on Race?” qz.com/2029525/the-20-countries-that-dont-collect-racial-and-ethnic-census-data.

80       United Nations has called for its collection United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Promotion and Protection of the Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Africans and of People of African Descent Against Excessive Use of Force and Other Human Rights Violations by Law Enforcement Officers, A/HRC/47/53, June 1, 2021, accessed August 20, 2025. docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/47/53, 7–8, 9.

80       only ten collect ethnic data Shendruk, “Are You Even Trying to Stop Racism If You Don’t Collect Data on Race?” qz.com/2029525/the-20-countries-that-dont-collect-racial-and-ethnic-census-data.

80       connected racial data collection with Nazism and banned it For example, France, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, and Italy are all resistant to collect racial data because of fears surrounding racial data and Nazism. James McAuley, “How France’s Aversion to Collecting Data on Race Affects Its Coronavirus Response,” Washington Post, June 26, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/coronavirus-france-race-data/2020/06/25/e5b4d0a6-b58d-11ea-9a1d-d3db1cbe07ce_story.html; Ryan Heath “Brussels Is Blind to Diversity,” December 11, 2017, Politico, www.politico.eu/article/brussels-blind-to-diversity-whiteout-european-parliament/; Philip Oltermann and Jon Henley, “France and Germany Urged to Rethink Reluctance to Gather Ethnicity Data,” The Guardian, June 16, 2020, www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/16/france-and-germany-urged-to-rethink-reluctance-to-gather-ethnicity-data; Yannick Lambert, “UN Report Criticises Lack of Data on Racism in Luxembourg,” Luxembourg Times, April 21, 2022, www.luxtimes.lu/luxembourg/un-report-criticises-lack-of-data-on-racism-in-luxembourg/1337627.html; and Elena Ambrosetti and Eralba Cela, “Demography of Race and Ethnicity in Italy,” The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity, vol. 4 (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2015), link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-90-481-8891-8_22, 458–459.

81        heavily inspired by American eugenicists  Stefan Kühl, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2002). Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/27935541.

81        constructed race as a biological phenomenon  “Nazi Racism: In Depth,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, accessed February 28, 2025, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/racism-in-depth.

81        “inferior races” . . . “superior races” Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race, Or The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1916), 14, 98. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1451110.

81        stimulated the reproduction and protection Wendy Kline argues that “positive eugenics,” or eugenics that centered around increasing the health and number of White people, focused on creating the White “Mother of Tomorrow” who would use her sexuality to reproduce White children. Similarly, Molly Ladd-Taylor argues that “positive eugenics is an understudied yet essential aspect of both the eugenics and Nazi movement, and focuses on marriage counseling programs as a eugenic practice in the twentieth century. Wendy Kline, Building a Better Race: Gender, Sexuality, and Eugenics from the Turn of the Century to the Baby Boom (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001), 16–17. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/46321001. Molly Ladd-Taylor, “Eugenics, Sterilisation, and Modern Marriage in the USA: The Strange Career of Paul Popenoe,” Gender & History 13, no. 2 (August 2001), doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.00230, 301.

81        mass sterilizing and extermination For a study of sterilization practices in the United States, see Paul Lombardo, Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008). Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/195763255.

81        “inferior” groups were Jewish and Roma people  See Anders E. B. Blomqvist, “Deportations of Roma from Hungary and the Mass Killing at Kamianets-Podilskyi in 1941,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 38, no. 2 (Fall 2024), doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcae010, 200–215; “Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939-1945,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed February 28, 2025, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945; and “Nazi Racism: In Depth,” encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/racism-in-depth.

81        “the prevention of the infiltration . . .”  Henrik Werth quoted in Blomqvist, “Deportations of Roma from Hungary and the Mass Killing at Kamianets-Podilskyi in 1941,” doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcae010, 203.

81        used the data to kidnap and deport  Blomqvist, “Deportations of Roma from Hungary and the Mass Killing at Kamianets-Podilskyi in 1941,” 204–212, doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcae010; and Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, “Sinti and Roma in Auschwitz,” accessed August 20, 2025, www.auschwitz.org/en/history/categories-of-prisoners/sinti-and-roma-in-auschwitz/.

81        99.9 percent the same “Remarks Made by the President on the Completion of the First Survey of the Entire Human Genome Project,” The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, National Human Genome Research Institute, June 26, 2000, www.genome.gov/10001356/june-2000-white-house-event; and Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America, rev. ed. (New York: Bold Type Books, 2023), 478. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1340743269.

81        Western Europe than they are to populations in East Africa and Southern Africa  Ning Yu et al., “Larger Genetic Differences Within Africans Than Between Africans and Eurasians,” Genetics 161, no. 1 (May 2002), 269–274, doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.1.269.

81        Race is a power construct. Ibram X. Kendi, How to Be an Antiracist, rev. ed. (New York: One World, 2023), 41. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1371058747.

81        constructed and reconstructed racism and in turn constructed and reconstructed race For an overview of the construction and reconstruction of racism and thereby race, see Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, rev. ed. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1340743269.

81        Antisemitic theorists have long constructed Jews as a race “Antisemitism in History: Racial Antisemitism, 1875–1945,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed August 22, 2025, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-in-history-racial-antisemitism-18751945.

81        had constructed four additional races  Dorothy Roberts, Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-create Race in the Twenty-First Century (New York: New Press, 2011), 29–30. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/656451607. Ibram X. Kendi, How to Be an Antiracist, rev. ed., 47–48. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1371058747.

81        two more additional races had been constructed  Kendi, How to Be an Antiracist, 47. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1371058747; Neda Maghbouleh et al., “Middle Eastern and North African Americans May Not Be perceived, Nor Perceive Themselves, to be White,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 119, no. 7 (February 7, 2022), doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117940119; and “Multiracial in America: Proud, Diverse and Growing in Numbers,” Pew Research Center, June 11, 2015, www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2015/06/2015-06-11_multiracial-in-america_final-updated.pdf, 98–108.

82       Each ethnicity . . . is racialized Kendi, How to Be an Antiracist, 71. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1371058747.

82       erroneously conflate culture with behavior Kendi, How to Be an Antiracist, 106-107. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1371058747.

82       no such thing as racial biology, there is no such thing as racial behavior Kendi, How to Be an Antiracist, 106-107. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1371058747.

82       Race is real to the extent a mirage is real. Kendi, How to Be an Antiracist, 44. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1371058747.

82–83  “the real immigration figures”  Marine Le Pen quoted in “Ethnic Statistics: Marine Le Pen Would Prefer ‘Real Immigration Figures,’” 20 Minutes, September 21, 2015, www.20minutes.fr/politique/1691291-20150921-statistiques-ethniques-marine-pen-prefererait-vrais-chiffres-immigration, via Google Translate; and Camus, You Will Not Replace Us!, 24. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/1091051149.

83       Hungary has banned racial data collection  Hungary only collects and publishes ethnic data, and on a voluntary basis. Shendruk, “Are You Even Trying to Stop Racism If You Don’t Collect Data on Race?” qz.com/2029525/the-20-countries-that-dont-collect-racial-and-ethnic-census-data; and “Introducing an Ethnic Marker into Household Surveys and Census,” European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), accessed October 22, 2025, fra.europa.eu/en/promising-practices/introducing-ethnic-marker-household-surveys-and-census.

83       “zero tolerance “ Viktor Orbán quoted in “Hungary’s Leader Rebuked for Opposing ‘Mixed Race’ Society,” Associated Press (AP) News, July 27, 2022, apnews.com/article/hungary-migration-race-and-ethnicity-racial-injustice-5f3a91a3697209955c9404310591733c.

83       Being turned away from restaurants. Difficulty with neighbors . . . employment  Kasia Kovacs, “Hungary’s African Immigrants Hope for #BLM Reckoning,” Politico, August 5, 2020, www.politico.com/news/2020/08/05/hungary-african-immigrants-392116.

83       “There is a huge prejudice against Black individuals”  Ildikó Barna quoted in Kovacs, “Hungary’s African Immigrants Hope for #BLM Reckoning,” www.politico.com/news/2020/08/05/hungary-african-immigrants-392116.

83       report being spit upon, called racist slurs . . .  Kovacs, “Hungary’s African Immigrants Hope for #BLM Reckoning,” www.politico.com/news/2020/08/05/hungary-african-immigrants-392116.

83       “It happens every week, at least”  Maveens Okwudiri Okwunwa quoted in Kovacs, “Hungary’s African Immigrants Hope for #BLM Reckoning,” www.politico.com/news/2020/08/05/hungary-african-immigrants-392116.

83       a man shouted at him, “Ape! Ape!”  Kovacs, “Hungary’s African Immigrants Hope for #BLM Reckoning,” www.politico.com/news/2020/08/05/hungary-african-immigrants-392116.

83       nine out of ten Black people said . . . faced racism  Robin Richardot, “9 in 10 Black People in Mainland France Say They Are Victims of Racist Discrimination,” Le Monde, February 15, 2023, www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2023/02/15/91-of-black-people-in-metropolitan-france-say-they-are-victims-of-racist-discrimination_6015940_7.html.

83       has opposed racial data collection  Oltermann and Henley, “France and Germany Urged to Rethink Reluctance to Gather Ethnicity Data,” www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/16/france-and-germany-urged-to-rethink-reluctance-to-gather-ethnicity-data.

83       “concrete actions”  Anonymous adviser to Emmanuel Macron summarizing the president’s position, quoted in Oltermann and Henley, “France and Germany Urged to Rethink Reluctance to Gather Ethnicity Data,” www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/16/france-and-germany-urged-to-rethink-reluctance-to-gather-ethnicity-data.

84       can dismiss their individual stories as anecdotal  During a congressional hearing in 2001 on racial profiling in policing, ACLU legislative council Rachel King testified, “Data collection is important because without it we will not know the extent to which the problem exists. We will be forced to rely on anecdotal information. Some will claim the anecdotes show that racial profiling is a serious problem; others may claim they show it does not exist. Without solid information, policy makers will never know.” “Testimony of Legislative Counsel Rachel King on Racial Profiling Before House Committee of Government Reform,” ACLU, July 19, 2001, www.aclu.org/documents/testimony-legislative-counsel-rachel-king-racial-profiling-house-committee-government-reform.