Chapter 16: One of Them

74       “What does Viktor Orbán believe?” “‘Tucker Carlson Tonight’ on Vaccines, Hungary Prime Minister Interview,” Fox News, video, August 5, 2021, www.foxnews.com/transcript/tucker-carlson-tonight-on-vaccines-hungary-prime-minister-interview, 0:40–0:42.

74       “Hungarians are an endangered species”  “We Must Protect the Achievements of the Past Eight Years,” Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister, March 27, 2018, 2015-2022.miniszterelnok.hu/we-must-protect-the-achievements-of-the-past-eight-years/.

74       “I think there are many people who would like to see the end . . .”  “We Must Protect the Achievements of the Past Eight Years,” 2015-2022.miniszterelnok.hu/we-must-protect-the-achievements-of-the-past-eight-years/.

74       “the destruction of Europeans”  Renaud   Camus, “An Open Letter to Viktor Orbán,” National Council of European Resistance (CNRE), April 20, 2018, accessed via Wayback Machine, December 30, 2020 capture, web.archive.org/web/20201230011629/https://www.cnre.eu/en/open-letter-viktor-orban.

74       “the great European population replacement programme” “Speech Given by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán After Swearing His Prime Ministerial Oath,” May 16, 2022, About Hungary, abouthungary.hu/speeches-and-remarks/speech-given-by-prime-minister-viktor-orban-after-swearing-his-prime-ministerial-oath.

74       Hungary swore Orbán in  “Speech Given by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán After Swearing His Prime Ministerial Oath,” abouthungary.hu/speeches-and-remarks/speech-given-by-prime-minister-viktor-orban-after-swearing-his-prime-ministerial-oath.

74       the longest-tenured prime minister  Jeremy Shapiro and Zsuzsanna Végh, “The Orbanisation of America: Hungary’s lessons for Donald Trump,” European Council on Foreign Relations,” October 9, 2024, ecfr.eu/publication/the-orbanisation-of-america-hungarys-lessons-for-donald-trump/.

74       the Slovenian parliament elected Janez Janša Miloš Rudović, “Janez Janša Forms the Government,” Vijesti, January 28, 2012, en.vijesti.me/world-a/evropa/331037/Janez-Jansa-forms-the-government#.

74–75  the “foundations” of “European civilization” Janez Janša, Twitter, November 7, 2018, 11:23 a.m., x.com/JJansaSDS/status/1060206213185576961?s=20, via Google Translate, archived at archive.today, February 9, 2026 capture, archive.ph/vMcgi.

75       been “widely criticized for democratic backsliding . . .” Tim Haughton and Alenka Krasovec, “Slovenia Voted Against an Illiberal Leader and for an Untested Party,” Washington Post, April 26, 2022, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/04/26/slovenia-jansa-golob-backsliding-democracy.

75       Conservative People’s Party of Estonia, was founded  Vassilis Petsinis and Louis Wierenga, Report on Radical Right Populism in Estonia and Latvia, Populist Rebellion Against Modernity (POPREBEL) Working Paper no. 7 (2022), populism-europe.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Working-Paper-7.pdf, 5.

75       “the nation-state; its culture and language” Interview with an EKRE MP (September 24, 202o, conducted by email) quoted in Petsinis and Wierenga, Report on Radical Right Populism in Estonia and Latvia, populism-europe.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Working-Paper-7.pdf, 5.

75       In Israel . . . Jewish Power, materialized the same year  Joseph Hincks, “Netanyahu Is Facing Rare Criticism From Pro-Israel Groups Over His Pact with a Party Many Say Is ‘Racist,’” Time, February 25, 2019, time.com/5536862/israel-netanyahu-jewish-power-criticism/.

75       opposing marriages . . . removal of Palestinians . . . stoking anti-Palestinian violence David M. Halbfinger, “Netanyahu Sparks Outrage Over Pact with Racist Party,” February 24, 2019, New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2019/02/24/world/middleeast/benjamin-netanyahu-otzma-yehudit-jewish-power.html.

75       Jerusalem rabbi likened the party to Nazis “Pr0minent Rabbi Likens Vote for Otzma Yehudit to Backing Nuremberg Laws,” The Times of Israel, February 23, 2019, www.timesofisrael.com/prominent-rabbi-likens-vote-for-otzma-yehudit-to-backing-nuremberg-laws; and Halbfinger, “Netanyahu Sparks Outrage Over Pact with Racist Party,” www.nytimes.com/2019/02/24/world/middleeast/benjamin-netanyahu-otzma-yehudit-jewish-power.html.

75       created Alternative für Deutschland  Melissa Eddy, “Alternative for Germany: Who Are They, and What Do They Want?” September 25, 2017, New York Times, www.nytimes.com/2017/09/25/world/europe/germany-election-afd.html.

75       established Vox  Clara-Laeila Laudette, “Factbox: The Rise of Spain’s Far-Right—Vox becomes Third-Biggest Party,” Reuters, November 11, 2019, www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-election-vox-factbox/factbox-the-rise-of-spains-far-right-vox-seen-becoming-third-biggest-party-idUSKBN1XK0L2/.

75       founded the . . . (Democratic Center)  “Democratic Center,” Colombia Reports, December 8, 2018, colombiareports.com/democratic-center-colombia/.

75       secured 11.57 percent of the vote  International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), “Colombian House of Representatives 2014 General,” last updated June 21, 2024, accessed May 30, 2025, www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2400/.

75       tied for the second most votes  , IFES Election Guide, “Colombian Senate 2014 General,” March 9, 2024, last updated June 21, 2024, accessed May 30, 2025, www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2401/.

75       amassed forty-nine seats  IFES Election Guide, “Swedish Parliament 2014 General,” September 14, 2014, last updated June 21, 2024, accessed May 30, 2025, www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2406/.

75       secured seventeen seats IFES Election Guide, “Latvian Parliament 2014 General,” October 4, 2014, last updated June 21, 2024, accessed May 30, 2025, www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2455/.

75       Running on “border controls” Lars Erikson, “Far-Right Takes Victory in Danish European Elections,” The Guardian, May 25, 2014, www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/25/danish-peoples-party-triumphant-in-european-elections.

75       its best-ever performance  Henriette Jacobsen, “Danish Far Right Party Wins in EU Elections, Doubles Mandate,” Euractiv, May 26, 2014, www.euractiv.com/section/elections/news/danish-far-right-party-wins-in-eu-elections-doubles-mandate/.

75       largest share of Denmark’s vote Erikson, “Far-Right Takes Victory in Danish European Elections,” www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/25/danish-peoples-party-triumphant-in-european-elections.

75       founded Bulgaria’s great replacement party  Polina Paunova and Tony Wesolowsky, “It Denies COVID and Wants Out of NATO and the EU. Now Bulgaria’s Pro-Kremlin, Far-Right Revival Party Is in Parliament,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, November 22, 2021, www.rferl.org/a/bulgaria-revival-party-parliament-eu/31572826.html.

75       “non-human vermin that has no place in Bulgaria”  Kostadin Kostadinov quoted in “Bulgaria: Roma Inclusion and the Far-Right Threat in the EU’s Own Absurdistan,” European Roma Rights Centre, October 20, 2023, www.errc.org/news/bulgaria-roma-inclusion-and-the-far-right-threat-in-the-eus-own-absurdistan.

75–76  has dehumanized India’s Muslims . . . inaugurated his tenure . . .  Jason Burke, “Narendra Modi Sworn in as Indian PM in Spectacular Ceremony,” The Guardian, May 26, 2014, www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/26/narendra-modi-sworn-in-india-prime-minister; and Eviane Leidig and Cas Mudde, “Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): The Overlooked Populist Radical Right Party,” Journal of Language and Politics 22, no. 3 (May 9, 2023), 361–364. Access the journal article at doi.org/10.1075/jlp.22134.lei.

76       the world’s largest political party Rupam Jain, “India’s BJP, the World’s Biggest Party, Plots Election Drive of Epic Scale,” Reuters, September 26, 2023, www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-bjp-worlds-biggest-party-plots-election-drive-epic-scale-2023-09-26/.

76       received more than 170 million votes and accumulated 282 seats International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) Election Guide, “Indian People’s Assembly 2014 General,” April 7, 2014, www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2784/.

76       “India First” appeared several times in BJP’s manifesto in 2014  “Election Manifesto 2014,” Bharatiya Janata Party, 2014, accessed February 11, 2025, www.bjp.org/images/pdf_2014/full_manifesto_english_07.04.2014.pdf, 7.

76       was chief minister of Gujarat  Leidig and Mudde, “Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP),” 363. Access the journal article at doi.org/10.1075/jlp.22134.lei.

76       fifty-nine Hindus perished in a train fire “India Blocks BBC Documentary on Modi’s Role in Gujarat Riots,” Al Jazeera, January 21, 2023, www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/21/india-asks-youtube-twitter-to-block-links-of-bbc-film-on-modi-gujarat-riots.

76       blamed the state’s Muslims  “India Blocks BBC Documentary on Modi’s Role in Gujarat Riots,” www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/21/india-asks-youtube-twitter-to-block-links-of-bbc-film-on-modi-gujarat-riots.

76       massacred more than a thousand people  “According to the official statistics, 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus died in the riots that engulfed Gujarat in the spring of 2002. However, the unofficial figures are much higher — some 1,000 Muslims are thought to have been killed. Over 18,000 Muslim homes were reportedly torched and 200,000 Muslims were displaced.” Grahame Lucas, “Modi and the US,” Deutsche Welle (DW), February 21, 2014, www.dw.com/en/us-tries-to-restore-ties-with-modi/a-17449839.

76       long-time Hindutva activist  Leidig and Mudde, “Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP),” 363. Access the journal article at doi.org/10.1075/jlp.22134.lei.

76       Hindutva, which originated  Hannah Ellis-Petersen, “What Is Hindu Nationalism and How Does It Relate to Trouble in Leicester?” The Guardian, September 20, 2022, www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/20/what-is-hindu-nationalism-and-who-are-the-rss.

76       India to become a Hindu ethnostate Leidig and Mudde, “Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP),” 363. Access the journal article at doi.org/10.1075/jlp.22134.lei.

76       their own purported replacement, mainly by India’s minority Muslim population  Ellis-Petersen, “What Is Hindu Nationalism and How Does It Relate to Trouble in Leicester?” www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/20/what-is-hindu-nationalism-and-who-are-the-rss.

76       comprised 79 percent of India’s population  Conrad Hackett et al., How the Global Religious Landscape Changed from 2010 to 2020, Pew Research Center, June 9, 2025, www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf, 69.

76       at 213 million, represented 15 percent  Hackett et al., How the Global Religious Landscape Changed from 2010 to 2020, www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf, 56.

76       about 6 percent  Hackett et al., How the Global Religious Landscape Changed from 2010 to 2020, www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf, 96.

76       less than 1 percent  According to the most recent available data, from 2020, 0.1% of the Hungarian population is Muslim. Hackett et al., How the Global Religious Landscape Changed from 2010 to 2020, www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf, 188.