Chapter 125: Genocide

464     “the eastward expansion of NATO”  “Address by the President of the Russian Federation,” President of Russia, Kremlin, February 24, 2022, en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843.

464     reeled off NATO’s use . . . conveying that Russia . . .  Putin mentions operations in Yugoslavia, Iraq, Libya, and Syria. He warns, “the North Atlantic alliance continued to expand despite our protests and concerns. Its military machine is moving and . . . is approaching our very border.” Address by the President of the Russian Federation,” President of Russia, February 24, 2022, en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843.

464     “territories adjacent to Russia . . .”  Address by the President of the Russian Federation,” President of Russia, February 24, 2022, en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843.

464     was a historical and cultural illusion, like . . . See also “Article by Vladimir Putin ‘On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians,’” President of Russia, Kremlin, July 12, 2021, en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/66181.

464     waged a war against their colonizers. Ukrainians declared independence  “Ukraine in the Flames: ‘1917 in Kyiv’ by Serhii Plokhii,” Ukrainian Research Institute at Harvard University, September 18, 2017, www.huri.harvard.edu/news/ukraine-flames-1917-kyiv-serhii-plokhii; and Arkadii Zhukovsky, “Ukrainian–Soviet War, 1917–21,” Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (University of Alberta/University of Toronto), accessed April 28, 2025, www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/previous.asp?bottomMenuDisplay=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm&KidNumer=17250.

464–465 recolonized the land  “ “Ukraine in the Flames of the 1917 Revolution,” Ukrainian Research Institute at Harvard University, September 13, 2017, www.huri.harvard.edu/news/ukraine-flames-1917-revolution; Zhukovsky, “Ukrainian–Soviet War, 1917–21,” www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/previous.asp?bottomMenuDisplay=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm&KidNumer=17250.

464–465 proclaimed it . . . incorporated it . . . in 1922  Vasyl Markus and Ihor Stebelsky, “Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic,” Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine, accessed April 28, 2025, www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianSovietSocialistRepublic.htm.

465     did not declare their independence again until . . .  Markus and Stebelsky, “Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic,” www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainianSovietSocialistRepublic.htm.

465     “genocide of the millions of people who live”  “Address by the President of the Russian Federation,” President of Russia, February 24, 2022, en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843.

465     “far-right nationalists and neo-Nazis”  “Address by the President of the Russian Federation,” President of Russia, February 24, 2022, en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843.

465     “the leading NATO countries are supporting”  “Address by the President of the Russian Federation,” President of Russia, February 24, 2022, en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843.

465     “will undoubtedly . . . kill innocent people . . .”  “Address by the President of the Russian Federation,” President of Russia, February 24, 2022, en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843.

465     initially viewed . . . as liberators from Soviet colonizers  Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 2, 20, 114; Ondřej Bělíček, “How Ukraine’s Far Right Pushed Its Myths About World War II: An interview with Marta Havryshko,” Jacobin, December 31, 2024, jacobin.com/2024/12/ukraine-myths-wwii-nationalism-nazis; and Jason Dawsey, “Remembrance of the Great Patriotic War and Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine,” National WWII Museum (New Orleans), March 18, 2022, www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/great-patriotic-war-russia-invasion-ukraine. Find Harvest of Despair at a library at search.worldcat.org/title/53021619.

465     profiled Soviet colonizers as Jews . . . more than willing to collaborate  Bělíček, “How Ukraine’s Far Right Pushed Its Myths About World War II: An interview with Marta Havryshko,” jacobin.com/2024/12/ukraine-myths-wwii-nationalism-nazis

465     raised . . . through collaborating with Ukrainian nationalists . . .  Bělíček, “How Ukraine’s Far Right Pushed Its Myths About World War II,” jacobin.com/2024/12/ukraine-myths-wwii-nationalism-nazis; and Dawsey, “Remembrance of the Great Patriotic War and Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine,” www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/great-patriotic-war-russia-invasion-ukraine.

465     the new force quashing . . . On June 30, 1941, a Ukrainian battalion under German command “entered Nazi-occupied Lviv . . . Local people greeted them and expressed their satisfaction. Right after entering Lviv, the Ukrainian independent state was proclaimed. But the Germans didn’t want to establish such a state. That’s why many leaders, including [Stepan] Bandera, were imprisoned. They spent most of the war in different concentration camps.” Bělíček, “How Ukraine’s Far Right Pushed Its Myths About World War II,” jacobin.com/2024/12/ukraine-myths-wwii-nationalism-nazis.

465     Ukrainian and Russian Jews . . . Ukrainian and Russian prisoners of war  Historian Jennifer Popowycz writes, "Based on present-day borders, one in every four Jewish victims of the Holocaust was murdered in Ukraine.” Jennifer Popowycz, The ‘Holocaust by Bullets’ in Ukraine,” National WWII Museum, January 24, 2022, www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/ukraine-holocaust; “Einsatzgruppen: An Overview,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, accessed April 29, 2025, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/einsatzgruppen; and “Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed April 29, 2025, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nazi-persecution-of-soviet-prisoners-of-war.

465     aimed to clear lands . . . for extra “living space” . . . while enslaving . . .“What Was Operation 'Barbarossa'?” Imperial War Museum, accessed April 29, 2025, www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-was-operation-barbarossa; “The German Army and the Racial Nature of the War Against the Soviet Union,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed April 29, 2025, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-german-army-and-the-racial-nature-of-the-war-against-the-soviet-union; and “Lebensraum,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, accessed April 29, 2025, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/lebensraum.

465–466 About twenty-seven million  About one million Soviet Jews were among the dead. Mark Harrison, “Counting the Soviet Union’s War Dead: Still 26–27 Million,” Europe–Asia Studies 71, no. 6 (July 2019), www.jstor.org/stable/26757422, 1036–1037, 1046; and “Estimated Jewish Losses In The Holocaust,” Yad Vashem, accessed April 29, 2025, https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/about/o207.

466     heralded . . . as a war of annihilation  Keith Huxen, “The Words of War,” National WWII Museum, March 13, 2018, www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/words-war-10; and “Invasion of the Soviet Union, June 1941,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/invasion-of-the-soviet-union-june-1941.

466     “to save European civilization and culture”  Adolf Hitler, proclamation to troops, June 22, 1941, quoted in Jeffrey Herf, The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda During World War II and the Holocaust (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2006), 100. To find this book at a library near you, visit search.worldcat.org/title/433613587.

466     “in Russian Bolshevism . . .”  Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, trans. Ralph Manheim (1943; Boston, MA: Mariner Books, 1999), archive.org/details/mein-kampf-by-adolf-hitler-ralph-manheim-translation/page/660/mode/2up, 661.  

466     “NATO countries” . . . “taken Ukraine hostage and are trying . . .”  “Address by the President of the Russian Federation,” President of Russia, February 24, 2022, en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/67843.