Chapter 112: Martial Law

416       about two hundred . . . invaded North Macedonia’s capitol building Valerie Hopkins, “What Happened in Macedonia, and Why,” The Atlantic April 28, 2017, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/macedonia-parliament-zaev-nationalist-violence-eu-europe/524733/#constitution1. 

416       espouses “antiquization” Hopkins, “What Happened in Macedonia, and Why,” www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/macedonia-parliament-zaev-nationalist-violence-eu-europe/524733/#constitution1. 

416       the myth that . . . like Alexander the Great Anastas Vangeli, “Nation-Building Ancient Macedonian Atyle: The Origins and the Effects of the So-Called Antiquization in Macedonia,” The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, 39, no. 1 (January 2011), researchgate.net/publication/232817792_Nationbuilding_ancient_Macedonian_style_the_origins_and_the_effects_of_the_so-called_antiquization_in_Macedonia, 13–14, 22, 25–26.

416       being replaced . . . by the country’s largest minority group, ethnic Albanians At the time, ethnic Albanians “comprise[d] between one-quarter and one-third of Macedonia’s population.” Hopkins, “What Happened in Macedonia, and Why,” www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/macedonia-parliament-zaev-nationalist-violence-eu-europe/524733/#constitution1. 

416       fled to Hungary . . . political asylum . . . corruption conviction “Gruevski No Longer Honorary President of VMRO-DPMNE,” European Western Balkans, July 22, 2020, europeanwesternbalkans.com/2020/07/22/gruevski-no-longer-honorary-president-of-vmro-dpmne/. 

416       had been prime minister of North Macedonia “Nikola Gruevski: Mystery over How Macedonia Ex-PM Escaped,” BBC News, November 16, 2018, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46223909; and “Macedonian PM to resign,” Deutsche Welle (DW), January 15, 2016, www.dw.com/en/macedonia-prime-minister-gruevski-agrees-to-step-down/a-18981614. 

416       held the office . . . protesters forced his resignation in 2016 “Nikola Gruevski: Mystery over How Macedonia ex-PM escaped, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46223909;” “Macedonian PM to resign,” www.dw.com/en/macedonia-prime-minister-gruevski-agrees-to-step-down/a-18981614; and Helena Smith, “Disgraced Former Macedonia PM ‘Helped by Hungary to Avoid Jail,’” The Guardian, November 16, 2018, www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/16/former-macedonia-pm-nikola-gruevski-helped-by-hungary-to-avoid-jail-claim. 

416       refused to cede power to the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia Hopkins, “What Happened in Macedonia, and Why,” www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/macedonia-parliament-zaev-nationalist-violence-eu-europe/524733/#constitution1. 

416       denied the election results Hopkins, “What Happened in Macedonia, and Why,” www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/macedonia-parliament-zaev-nationalist-violence-eu-europe/524733/#constitution1. 

416–417   “people have to stand up and defend . . .” Gruevski quoted in Hopkins, “What Happened in Macedonia, and Why,” www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/macedonia-parliament-zaev-nationalist-violence-eu-europe/524733/#constitution1. 

417       invaded North Macedonia’s parliament Hopkins, “What Happened in Macedonia, and Why,” www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/macedonia-parliament-zaev-nationalist-violence-eu-europe/524733/#constitution1. 

417       was the day that . . . the first ethnic Albanian to be elected speaker . . . Hopkins, “What Happened in Macedonia, and Why,” www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/macedonia-parliament-zaev-nationalist-violence-eu-europe/524733/#constitution1. See also “Macedonian Parliament’s New Ethnic Albanian Speaker Enters Office,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, May 3, 2017, www.rferl.org/a/macedonia-parliament-speaker-xhaferi-enters-office/28466113.html. 

417       framed Xhaferi’s election . . . replacing ethnic Macedonians in power Hopkins, “What Happened in Macedonia, and Why,” www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/macedonia-parliament-zaev-nationalist-violence-eu-europe/524733/#constitution1.

417       failed to stop the power handover Hopkins, “What Happened in Macedonia, and Why,” www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/macedonia-parliament-zaev-nationalist-violence-eu-europe/524733/#constitution1; and “Macedonian Parliament’s New Ethnic Albanian Speaker Enters Office,” www.rferl.org/a/macedonia-parliament-speaker-xhaferi-enters-office/28466113.html.

417       Around one hundred people . . . including nine members of parliament Hopkins, “What Happened in Macedonia, and Why,” www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/macedonia-parliament-zaev-nationalist-violence-eu-europe/524733/#constitution1.

417       raging against vaccine mandates, invaded the Bulgarian parliament “Anti-Vaccine Protesters Try to Storm Bulgaria's Parliament,” Reuters, January 12, 2022, www.reuters.com/world/europe/anti-vaccine-protesters-try-storm-bulgarias-parliament-2022-01-12/. 

417       A third . . .were vaccinated Alexandar Detev, “Why Bulgaria Struggles to Fight COVID,” DW, January 21, 2022, www.dw.com/en/bulgaria-fighting-a-losing-battle-against-covid/a-60486611.   

417       tried to open the doors . . . before police repelled the insurrection Detev, “Why Bulgaria struggles to fight COVID,” www.dw.com/en/bulgaria-fighting-a-losing-battle-against-covid/a-60486611.   

417       The insurrection in South Korea Choe Sang-Hun et al., “Jubilation in South Korea After President Who Declared Martial Law Is Ousted,” New York Times, April 3, 2025, www.nytimes.com/live/2025/04/03/world/south-korea-yoon.

417       attempted to enter . . . on the evening of December 3, 2024 Yoonjung Seo et al., “Martial Law Reversed in South Korea After President’s Surprise Decree Sent Shockwaves,” CNN, December 3, 2024, edition.cnn.com/2024/12/03/asia/south-korea-martial-law-intl/index.html. 

417       declared martial law for the first time since . . . Choe Sang-Hun et al., “South Korea President Declares Martial Law, Then Backs Down,” New York Times, December 3, 2024, www.nytimes.com/2024/12/03/world/asia/south-korea-martial-law.html; and Oh Seok-min, “Full Text of Martial Law Decree,” Yonhap News Agency, December 4, 2024, en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20241204001100320?section=national/politics. 

417       issued by . . . banned all political actions of parties, workers, and citizens Oh, “Full Text of Martial Law Decree,”,” Yonhap News Agency, December 4, 2024, en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20241204001100320?section=national/politics; and Sang-Hun et al., “South Korea President Declares Martial Law, Then Backs Down,” www.nytimes.com/2024/12/03/world/asia/south-korea-martial-law.htm.

417       “fake news” Oh, “Full Text of Martial Law Decree,”,” en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20241204001100320?section=national/politics; and Seo et al., “Martial Law Reversed in South Korea After President’s Surprise Decree Sent Shockwaves,” edition.cnn.com/2024/12/03/asia/south-korea-martial-law-intl/index.html. 

417       allowed police . . . without warrants Seo et al., “Martial Law Reversed in South Korea After President’s Surprise Decree Sent Shockwaves,” edition.cnn.com/2024/12/03/asia/south-korea-martial-law-intl/index.html. 

417       justified . . . to protect the freedom and safety of South Koreans Oh, “Full text of Martial Law Decree,” en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20241204001100320?section=national/politics

417       “People who assure you that you . . .” Timothy D. Snyder, On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century (New York: Crown, 2017), 100. Find the library book at search.worldcat.org/title/968309193. 

417       of sympathizing with North Korean “communists” According to Alan Yuhas of the New York Times, members of Yoon’s party called the opposition “pro-North Korean communists" and Yoon said in his declaration of martial law that it was “to protect a free South Korea from the North Korean communist forces.” Quoted in Alan Yuhas, “How Polarized Politics Led South Korea to a Plunge into Martial Law,” New York Times, December 3, 2024, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/03/world/asia/south-korea-yoon-martial-law.html. See also Seo et al., “Law Reversed in South Korea After President’s Surprise Decree Sent Shockwaves,” edition.cnn.com/2024/12/03/asia/south-korea-martial-law-intl/index.html. 

417       of election fraud Foster Klug and Kim Tong-Hyung, “South Koreans Are Still Puzzling over Why Their Leader Declared Martial Law,” AP News, April 4, 2025, apnews.com/article/south-korea-president-removal-martial-law-elections-c93ec852157c2b861779ee0388d99d20. 

417       of turning “the National Assembly into a den of criminals” Yoon martial law declaration quoted in Seo et al., “Martial Law Reversed in South Korea After President’s Surprise Decree Sent Shockwaves,” edition.cnn.com/2024/12/03/asia/south-korea-martial-law-intl/index.html. 

417       claimed election fraud . . . widespread Klug and Tong-Hyung, “South Koreans Are Still Puzzling over Why Their Leader Declared Martial Law,” apnews.com/article/south-korea-president-removal-martial-law-elections-c93ec852157c2b861779ee0388d99d20; and Ju-min Park, “South Korea Election Official Rejects Impeached President’s Fraud Claims,” Reuters, February 11, 2025, www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-korea-election-official-rejects-impeached-presidents-fraud-claims-2025-02-11/. 

417–418  blaming them for . . . lowest birth rate in the world Yoon Suk Yeoul said, “Some say feminism is too politically exploited [to the point] it prevents healthy relationships between men and women . . . From a social standpoint, the conditions are ill-suited for having and raising children. This is not a problem that can be solved by giving out government subsidies.” Yoon quoted in Elizabeth Shim, “South Korean Presidential Candidate’s Feminism Remarks Generate Controversy,” UPI, August 2, 2021, www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2021/08/02/skorea-South-Korean-Yoon-Seokyoul-feminism-comments/6541627927142. On birth rate, see Elizabeth Shim, “South Korea Ranks Last for Birthrate in U.N. Report,” UPI, April 14, 2021, www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2021/04/14/skorea-South-Korea-lowest-birth-rate-UN/6021618422597/. 

418       the high costs of raising children Julian Ryall, “South Korea Most Expensive country in World to Raise Kids,” DW, May 18, 2023, www.dw.com/en/south-korea-most-expensive-country-in-world-to-raise-children/a-65669257; and Sojung Lim, “The Necessary Paradigm Shift for South Korea’s Ultra-Low Fertility,” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, September 24, 2024,  gjia.georgetown.edu/2024/09/24/the-necessary-paradigm-shift-for-south-koreas-ultra-low-fertility/. 

418       unfriendliness of work environments to families Lim, “The Necessary Paradigm Shift for South Korea’s Ultra-Low Fertility,” gjia.georgetown.edu/2024/09/24/the-necessary-paradigm-shift-for-south-koreas-ultra-low-fertility/.

418       the highest among OECD members in 2022 Timothy S. Rich et al., “How Do South Koreans View Gender Discrimination,” The Diplomat, October 27, 2023, thediplomat.com/2023/10/how-do-south-koreans-view-gender-discrimination/. 

418       still today Choi Jeong-yoon, “Korean Women Earn 29% Less Than Men,” Korea Herald, August 29, 2025, www.koreaherald.com/article/10564875. 

418       argued sexism didn’t exist in South Korea Rich et al., “How Do South Koreans View Gender Discrimination,” thediplomat.com/2023/10/how-do-south-koreans-view-gender-discrimination/. 

418       pledged to abolish the Ministry of Gender Equality Yuhas, “How Polarized Politics Led South Korea to a Plunge Into Martial Law,” www.nytimes.com/2024/12/03/world/asia/south-korea-yoon-martial-law.html; and “Save Gender Equality Ministry in South Korea,” Amnesty International, accessed May 23, 2025, www.amnesty.org/en/petition/save-gender-equality-ministry-in-south-korea/. 

418       “potential sex criminals” Yoon Suk Yeoul quoted in Amy Gunia, “How South Korea’s Yoon Suk-yeol Capitalized on Anti-Feminist Backlash to Win the Presidency,” Time, March 10, 2022, time.com/6156537/south-korea-president-yoon-suk-yeol-sexism/. 

418       the narrowest presidential victory in South Korean history Yuhas, “How Polarized Politics Led South Korea to a Plunge Into Martial Law,” www.nytimes.com/2024/12/03/world/asia/south-korea-yoon-martial-law.html; and Mitch Shin, “Yoon Suk-yeol Becomes South Korea’s President-Elect,” The Diplomat, March 10, 2022, thediplomat.com/2022/03/yoon-suk-yeol-becomes-south-koreas-president-elect.   

418       repeatedly rebuffed . . . and impeached . . . Yuhas, “How Polarized Politics Led South Korea to a Plunge Into Martial Law,” www.nytimes.com/2024/12/03/world/asia/south-korea-yoon-martial-law.html. 

418       rejected his budgets Yuhas, “How Polarized Politics Led South Korea to a Plunge Into Martial Law,” www.nytimes.com/2024/12/03/world/asia/south-korea-yoon-martial-law.html.

418       even from his own People Power Party Sang-Hun et al., “South Korea President Declares Martial Law, Then Backs Down,” www.nytimes.com/2024/12/03/world/asia/south-korea-martial-law.htm.

418       quickly voted to overturn Sang-Hun et al., “South Korea President Declares Martial Law, Then Backs Down,” www.nytimes.com/2024/12/03/world/asia/south-korea-martial-law.htm.

418       reversed course within hours and withdrew troops Sang-Hun et al., “South Korea President Declares Martial Law, Then Backs Down,” www.nytimes.com/2024/12/03/world/asia/south-korea-martial-law.htm.

418       was impeached and removed from office Jin Yu Young, “What to Know About the Removal of South Korea’s President,” New York Times, April 4, 2025, www.nytimes.com/2025/04/04/world/asia/yoon-south-korea-impeachment-ruling.html. 

418       forced their way into the National Congress . . . Jack Nicas and André Spigariol, “Bolsonaro Supporters Lay Siege to Brazil’s Capital,” New York Times, January 8, 2023, www.nytimes.com/2023/01/08/world/americas/brazil-election-protests-bolsonaro.html. 

418       wore green and yellow Nicas and Spigariol, “Bolsonaro Supporters Lay Siege to Brazil’s Capital,” www.nytimes.com/2023/01/08/world/americas/brazil-election-protests-bolsonaro.html. 

418       carried the Brazilian flag Nicas and Spigariol, “Bolsonaro Supporters Lay Siege to Brazil’s Capital,” www.nytimes.com/2023/01/08/world/americas/brazil-election-protests-bolsonaro.html.

418       pulled an officer off a horse and severely beat him Bevan Hurley, “Dramatic Videos Show Mounted Police Being Attacked and Rioters Inside Presidential Palace,” The Independent, January 8, 2023, www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/brazil-riots-2023-video-planalto-palace-b2258291.html. 

418       shattered windows in the three buildings Diana Roy and Sabine Baumgartner, “Images Show the Extent of Brazil’s Capitol Riots,” Council on Foreign Relations, January 12, 2023, www.cfr.org/photo-essay/images-show-extent-brazils-capitol-riots; and “Bolsonaro Supporters Storm Key Government Buildings in Brazil,” Al Jazeera, January 8, 2023, www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/8/bolsonaro-supporters-storm-government-buildings-in-brazil/. 

418       ransacked and looted and urinated in and vandalized Roy and Baumgartner, “Images Show the Extent of Brazil’s Capitol Riots,” www.cfr.org/photo-essay/images-show-extent-brazils-capitol-riots.

418       set fires and destroyed fire hydrants oy and Baumgartner, “Images Show the Extent of Brazil’s Capitol Riots,” www.cfr.org/photo-essay/images-show-extent-brazils-capitol-riots; and Carlie Porterfield, “Brazilian Rioters Damaged a $1.5 Million Painting in Jan 6-Style Attack, Brazil’s Government Says,” Forbes, January 9, 2023, www.forbes.com/sites/carlieporterfield/2023/01/09/brazilian-rioters-damaged-a-15-million-painting-in-jan-6-style-attack-brazils-government-says/. 

418       smashed computers and printers David Biller, “Authorities Probe Who Was Behind Uprising in Brazil Capital,” AP News, January 9, 2023, apnews.com/article/capitol-siege-jair-bolsonaro-politics-brazil-government-8766c0ad2fcc4ae7c8bf1aa7f9aaa0ec. 

418       Just like in the U.S. Capitol attack Nora McGreevy, “Curators Seek $25,000 to Repair Artworks Damaged in U.S. Capitol Attack,” Smithsonian Magazine, February 26, 2021, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/smithsonian-curators-discuss-artworks-damaged-violent-capitol-attacks-180977103/. 

418       damaged or destroyed precious works of art Porterfield, “Brazilian Rioters Damaged a $1.5 Million Painting in Jan 6-Style Attack, Brazil’s Government Says,” www.forbes.com/sites/carlieporterfield/2023/01/09/brazilian-rioters-damaged-a-15-million-painting-in-jan-6-style-attack-brazils-government-says/. 

418       Paintings. Sculptures. Vases. A clock. A table. Even a stained-glass window Porterfield, “Brazilian Rioters Damaged a $1.5 Million Painting in Jan 6-Style Attack, Brazil’s Government Says,” www.forbes.com/sites/carlieporterfield/2023/01/09/brazilian-rioters-damaged-a-15-million-painting-in-jan-6-style-attack-brazils-government-says/; Aicha El Hammar Castano, “Pro-Bolsonaro Protesters Storm Brazilian Capital over Refusal to Accept Presidential Election Results,” ABC News, January 8, 2023, abcnews.go.com/International/pro-bolsonaro-protesters-storm-brazilian-capital-refusal-accept/story?id=96299887; and Gustavo Zeitel, “Riot in Brasilia: Damages Include Mural by Di Cavalcanti,” Folha de S.Paulo, January 9, 2023, www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/culture/2023/01/riot-in-brasilia-damages-include-mural-by-di-cavalcanti.shtml. 

419       overturned the famous U-shaped table . . . Biller, “Authorities Probe Who Was Behind Uprising in Brazil Capital,” apnews.com/article/capitol-siege-jair-bolsonaro-politics-brazil-government-8766c0ad2fcc4ae7c8bf1aa7f9aaa0ec. 

419       climbed . . . and unfurled their banner: “Intervention” Banner pictured in Roy and Baumgartner, “Images Show the Extent of Brazil’s Capitol Riots,” www.cfr.org/photo-essay/images-show-extent-brazils-capitol-riots.

419       calling on the military to intervene David Biller, “Authorities Probe Who Was Behind Uprising in Brazil Capita,” apnews.com/article/capitol-siege-jair-bolsonaro-politics-brazil-government-8766c0ad2fcc4ae7c8bf1aa7f9aaa0ec. 

419       military intervened to stop the insurrection Biller, “Authorities Probe Who Was Behind Uprising in Brazil Capital,” apnews.com/article/capitol-siege-jair-bolsonaro-politics-brazil-government-8766c0ad2fcc4ae7c8bf1aa7f9aaa0ec. 

419       arrested more than a thousand . . . “More than a thousand people were arrested on the day of the Jan. 8 riot.” “Brazil Presents Charges Against Jan. 8 Pro-Bolsonaro Riot Participants,” NBC News, January 18, 2023, www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/brazil-presents-charges-jan-8-bolsonaro-riot-participants-rcna66320. 

419       boosted the electoral prospects of politicians In October 2024 municipal elections, candidates who were supported by Bolsonaro performed better than candidates supported by Lula. Bolsonaro has also experienced continuing support despite his ban from presidential candidacy. Yasmeen Serhan, “What Brazil’s Failed Coup Means for the Future of Its Democracy,” Time, January 9, 2023, time.com/6245795/brazil-bolsonaro-lula-trump-insurrection/; Leonardo Benassatto et al., “Brazil’s Bolsonaro Gathers Supporters in Show of Strength Amid coup Probe,” Reuters, February 26, 2024, www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-bolsonaro-gathers-supporters-show-strength-amid-coup-probe-2024-02-25/; and Ranier Bragon and Danielle Brant, “Bolsonaro’s Candidates Hold a Wide Lead over Lula’s in Brazil’s Largest Cities,” Folha De S.Paulo, October 7, 2024, www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2024/10/bolsonaros-candidates-hold-a-wide-lead-over-lulas-in-brazils-largest-cities.shtml.